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Southern Metropolis Weekly: Top 10 Neologisms of 2009 (Part II)
From the Southern Metropolis Weekly, 2009-12-25, translated by CDT’s E. Shih. Part I is here.
[From the introduction to Part 1: This year, we announce the top ten neologisms in cooperation with “Baidu Encylopedia,” using this model to examine public life in 2009. The chosen neologisms were all trendy this year. Some come from flashpoint news incidents and some come from serious social phenomena; but all the phrases were widely used in online media. Our criteria included search statistics, media attention, web users participation, etc.]
…6. Impromptu quality 临时性
Definition: A prefix added to other phrases, such as “impromptu rape,” “impromptu building,” “impromptu love,” etc. The originating phrase was “impromptu rape.” The story goes that two police officers in Nanxun, Zhejiang raped a woman who was unconscious due to alcohol. Reviewing the evidence, the Nanxun court ruled that the two had committed an “impromptu and impulsive crime,” that the rape was not premeditated. Considering that they turned themselves in, and obtained the victim’s forgiveness, they were given a light sentence. Hence netizens turned the phrase “impromptu and impulsive crime” into “impromptu rape” and spread its use everywhere. Afterward, phrases using the prefix “impromptu” proliferated. Some even say that the times have moved from the “passive tense era” to the “impromptu quality era.” Here, the phrase “impromptu” has come to indicate excusing oneself from responsibility on a pretense.
Background: In recent years, people’s distrust of the justice system has been growing by the day. This is particularly true for suits involving defendants with a background in government work. The above case, for example, involved police officers.
Commentary: Bastards. Excuse me, that was just an impromptu commentary. It has no deep hatred or stable meaning.
Example of usage: To make impromptu, illegitimate love: guess a two-character phrase.
Searches on Baidu Encyclopedia: 633, 116.
7. Scale the Wall 翻墙
Definition: Originally, it meant to traverse a wall, a kind of physical action. Now it indicates using all kinds of proxy servers to get past Internet censors and reach banned websites, or to complete banned web searches. Ever since the control of the Internet began last year, discussions of “scaling the wall” have begun popping up everywhere. Posts asking for clues about software to “scale the wall” are everywhere. People who use the wall scaling software try to access the censored websites that they seek by masking their IP addresses. These websites might be vulgar; or perhaps they have bad content? Whatever the case, censorship cannot stop a number of persistent netizens. The use of limitations only encourages them to use a thief-like methodology to achieve their goals. More broadly speaking, any actions that seek to transgress official limitations can be called “scaling the wall.”

Background: The control of the internet.
Commentary: The function of many walls is to be scaled. The more limitations there are, the stronger the people’s desire to transgress those limits. It’s only when you get to the other side that you realize that the outside is not actually so different.
Example of usage: Last night I scaled the wall to go to the Internet café. When I got to the café, I scaled another wall to look at websites. But there wasn’t much to see, so I huffed and puffed my way back over the wall.
Searches on Baidu Encyclopedia: 111 ,992.
8. Second generation poor 穷二代
Definition: The children of the wealthy are called “second generation rich,” and the children of the poor are called “second generation poor.” This is what we mean when we talk about giving people social labels. Someone with time on their hands set up 18 criteria for “second generation poor.” “Ordinary workers during the economic reform period, farmers and the impoverished who have yet to enjoy the wealth brought about by government policies: let us call these people ‘first generation poor.’ Growing up in this terrible basic environment, their children do not receive as much education and are unable to leave poverty. These people are ‘second generation poor.’”

Background: In several incidents this year, the masses denounced “second generation poor.” At the same time, the unevenness of all sorts of social opportunities are becoming clearer. Take education: from olden times, education has been an opportunity for social mobility for the poor. But in reality, at the starting line of early education, children from wealthy families are able to receive better education and are able to have more opportunities to go to college—and to go to better colleges.
Commentary: Whether or not these labels are appropriate, and whether or not the criteria are ridiculous, the endless cycle of the impoverished population is an objective truth. Not only must government policies take care of them, but society must also care for their welfare. Otherwise, society itself will suffer.
Example of usage: Lin is “second generation poor.” To him, city management is the most prestigious industry.
Searches on Baidu Encyclopedia 158,000.
9. 70 Yard 70码
Definition: Also called the “horse of deception.” (Qishi is a homophonic pun for “70” and “deceive,” while ma can sound like both “length measurement” and “horse.”) According to netizen editors on Baidu encyclopedia, this term originates in a hit-and-run traffic incident in Hangzhou on May 7, 2009. In the police report, officers wrote that the car at fault was moving at “about 70 yards per hour.” This ignited controversy, and became mixed in with the complicated emotions of contemporary neologisms such as “buying soy sauce,” “push-ups” and “eluding the cat,” that continued to be popular during this time. “70 yards” rapidly became a top hot phrase, used to express the dissatisfaction of civilians with regards to the government’s explanation and handling of public incidents in a satirical voice.
Background: Because the driver at fault was the so-called “second generation wealthy,” and the victim who was killed was a college graduate trying to make it in the city, the incident ignited a strong reaction against the “second generation wealthy.” At the same time, the supposition that “officials and the wealthy are natural allies” makes civilians distrust the government in such situations.
Commentary: This is a classic case of the government’s failure at crisis management. Actually, they did everything they ought to have done after the fact, but they began by denying everything, and that benefited no one. It hurt the civilians as well as the government.
Example of usage: The distance from Hangzhou to Heaven is only 70 yards.
Searches on Baidu Encyclopedia: 629, 768.
10. Pressure differential 压力差
Definition: Regarding the collapsed building in Shanghai, the government’s report shows that the reason was that there was too large a pressure differential between a high dirt pile on the north face of the building and the underground garage on the south face. The dirt needed to level, and this caused the building to fall over. Civilians who like to think, upon hearing this explanation, used all sorts of theories to discuss whether this result made sense. Of course, some people felt instinctively that this explanation was a cover-up. One netizen, using imagination, wrote: “If we follow the theory that the 10 meters of dirt caused 3000 tons of sideways pressure on the Ocean Lotus building in Shanghai, then the 8848 meter high Mount Everest would be exerting 3 x 10 to the 16th power tons of sideways pressure. Under that pressure, the Indian plate would move outwards into the Indian Ocean, making India an island.”
Background: The belief that hens can lay eggs is based on generations of experience. The belief that planes can safely fly is based on trust in a system of professionals. The latter is one of the basic foundations of modern society. But after so many years of experts lying and ruining their own reputation, it’s no wonder that some citizens have become cynical.
Commentary: Is the rift of trust between civilians and government offices caused by a pressure differential?
Example of usage: The theory of pressure differential has been widely used in massive construction projects, and received the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Searches in Baidu Encyclopedia: 79936.
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- January 3, 2010 11:09 PM
Volunteers Put the Economist Into Chinese
From New York Times:
Every day, Chinese fans produce unauthorized translations of Western pop culture products and put them online, like subtitled episodes of “Heroes” or the final Harry Potter novel. But a group calling itself the Eco Team has picked a more cerebral target: the British newsweekly The Economist.
With each new issue, the group’s members work together to sharpen their language skills by translating the magazine from cover to cover.
The group meets on a message board at ecocn.org/bbs that is led by Shi Yi, a 39-year-old insurance broker in Beijing. “Different people come from different backgrounds with their own purpose,” Mr. Yi said. “But we all like the style of The Economist.”
Read also Translating “The Economist” Behind China’s Great Firewall from CDT.
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- March 1, 2009 7:49 PM
China 2008: Nationalism, Internet Culture, and Identity
This is a continuation of the series on CDT relating to relevant China issues in 2008. This article deals with Chinese Nationalism and Internet Culture. Please see also previous posts on the Developing World.
Chinese nationalism was a hot topic this year, quite the opposite of the usual criticism directed at China, whether it be her food safety issues, human rights record, environmental policies, or the authoritarian regime’s repressive techniques and censorship. Indeed, China has strived to improve its image, culminating this year with the Beijing Olympics 2008, where nationalism played an integral role in expressing the pride and glory of China’s rise and achievements. However, as in the Belgrade embassy bombing in 1999 and the anti-Japanese protests in 2005, nationalistic citizens have an agenda of their own, sometimes promoting state agenda and ideology, but not always working in favor for the government. CDT has collected these stories over the past year. Here are some of highlight events that have sparked a wave of nationalism:
In the months prior to the Olympics, the Lhasa riots in March that spurred a movement of by nationalistic netizens, termed “angry youth” or fenqing by the domestic press. With the dual images of China, the nationalists sided with the “left,” (conservative), creating websites like anti-CNN.com that became a leader against the perceived Western media bias. The effect was immediate, with responses from Western media after pressure from these netizens. No one was immune to their wrath. The elite “right,”(liberals) like Southern Metropolitan Weekly editor Chang Ping, made slight criticism on the rationality of these “angry youth” and was deemed a traitor, eventually stepping down from his role as editor.
Indeed the nationalistic wave was soon shown to be fickle and quite polarized. During the Olympic Torch Relay in Paris, Jin Jing, was once glorified as a hero for her role, then vilified a week later as a traitor for her comments on the Carrefour boycotts. Grace Wang, a Duke University student trying to bridge the gap between Tibet protesters and Chinese citizens came under attack and showed the power of “human search engines” and netizens when they find their target. Even the official government was relatively quiet during all of this, only stepping in to direct the nationalistic energies to more “constructive” purposes and the police and universities’ trying to cancel student protests.
During the Sichuan Earthquake, the nationalism was directed toward grieving and the rebuilding the nation.
And even aggrieved parents stayed quiet for the Olympics.
As for the Olympics, the promotion of athletes (e.g.Liu Xiang), even Olympic marketing and publicity had a nationalism spin.
The reaction to the Tibetan riots, Carrefour boycotts have dwindled down while the Olympics were happening. After the Olympics, nationalism was still around, but no major event triggered as strong as the reaction prior to the Olympics.
Sometimes, nationalism attacks were on a smaller cultural scale such as Gong Li changing her citizenship to Singapore or the film Kung Fu Panda. The refueling of between Japanese and Chinese students or manifesting in the Japan train controversy. Nationalism can also create mass movements such as Crazy English.
Here are the highlights of how some have interpreted nationalism’s role in today’s China:
As ethnicity discrimination
Its impact on marketing
Formation of a new nationalism
How history has impacted the telling of Chinese nationalism
The youth movement as similar to Tiananmen
Why China is so touchy about tarnishing their image
As pessimists/optimist
Journalists on Tibet & Olympics
Scholars defining nationalism
Nationalism and how to avoid its dangers
The danger in Chinese democracy with nationalism.
Indeed the question about where nationalism stems from can be seen from many points of view, as xenophobic (seen in Shanghainese discrimination), specifically anti-West or pro-China. State propaganda certainly plays a role in the formation of a nationalistic identity, with some deeming nationalism as “soft power” for the state propaganda. Certainly in China’s first spacewalk after the Olympics not only diverted attention from the food safety issues and instilled legitimacy in the CCP’s rule, but created a sense of pride within the nation. State propaganda doesn’t just use nationalism as a tool, but also more broadly builds on ideology on a “harmonious society.” In reaction to individual stories, such as the teacher murders in October, the state stressed state ideology to focus more on moral education.
The internet played a large role in spreading the nationalistic sentiment. With the spread of information through the internet, the state has even had to change their strategy of censorship, leaking the story out first and spinning the story to their favor.
There are several debates on angry youth from Chinese media and Western media.

2008! China Stand Up Video made on April 15, 2008
The internet’s power in nationalism creates a cyber nationalism that can be seen as a threat as it breaks down physical boundaries. Already, the role of the internet not only mass mobilizes people in China, but overseas Chinese as well.
The state acknowledges that the internet is powerful and can be a tool, as in nationalism, as well as a threat. There has been limits to the internet including censorship, crack downs on internet cafes, and deeming too much online time as an addiction. Chinese bloggers have also noted the power of the internet. And Chinese netizens in response to censorship have been creative.
The role of nationalism has certainly had an affect on the events of this year, but where nationalism’s future lies, is another question. Certainly, democracy is constantly being questioned in China. However, the internet will play an integral role in how nationalism will fare. Especially if the state is unable to contain the Internet and the spread of information and opinions, whether the polarizing affect of nationalism will occur in the future is another question and the rise of more moderate voices. Already, the internet has been shown to be the site of critiques of the government, questioning corruption and mismanagement as in the “Changzhi New Deal” in response to the Shanxi mining and landslide accidents, with individual bloggers getting their voices heard, like Wuyeusanren and Woeser on Tibet. The 4th Annual Blogger Conference just wrapped up and as tech blogger Gang Lu pointed out, the internet in China is diverse and expanding with censorship only being a part of the Chinese blogosphere.
On the other side, the state is also hitting back, with more people being harassed, even arrested for blogging and online or off-line commentary, as Chen Daojun for his comments on the Lhasa riots and Yang Shiqun, a professor for his criticisms of the government.
Read more of CDT’s tags on Internet culture and Online Culture to find out more about the Netizen Role and Culture in Nationalism.
See CDT’s Nationalism and Chinese Nationalism tags for the full collection of stories relating to this topic.
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- December 4, 2008 2:17 AM
Extreme Nationalists Versus Nihilists In China
EastSouthWestNorth translates a piece by China Youth Daily, Liu Handing (刘汉鼎), detailing two extremist groups emerging on the internet, the Chinese left (pro-China) and right(anti-China). Using examples from the last couple of years, especially the Beijing Olympics, the author describes the internet battle between the two. They are described as frequently angry and irrational and though they are on opposing sides, they are similiar in their method of attack:
The people from these two extremist camps represent the people on the Internet with the greatest urge to express themselves. Their voices are extreme and acerbic in order to be more readily heard. Therefore, when these voices are magnified, they will overwhelm other more “varied” voices. The majority is accustomed to keeping silent and therefore they are directly ignored. When one segment is overwhelmed while another is ignored, the remaining public opinion may be just the “mobs” from the extreme right and left wings.
This is because these two extremist views may drive a nation towards the same dangerous goal. The extreme right welcomes the world to oppose China while the extreme left encourages China to oppose the world. The two goals end in the same place with the isolation of China in the world.
Each thought has its reason to exist. Perhaps, the value of these two extremist opinions from “angry young people” is to alert people to stay far away from them. When you act on the basis of “anger,” you are hurting the nation and its people and therefore you end up achieving the opposite of what you intend.
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- November 6, 2008 2:18 PM
Looking at the Development of Democratic Conditions from the Viewpoint of Internet Culture
The U.S.-China relations blog, MeiZhong Guanxi, has published a translation on the prospects of a Chinese democracy through the lens of the Internet.
The Internet is China’s most democratic area in which anyone can express their own viewpoint with a great deal of freedom. In fact, the Internet has become the testing ground for Chinese democracy. Unfortunately, the conclusions we have arrived at from this experimental forum are not all that optimistic.
Although the Internet has played a very positive role in a series of events and its positive influence has received more and more attention, China’s internet culture is still not healthy. The most prominent manifestation of this unhealthiness has been the saturation of violent language online. When online, a person who is normally gentle and refined may treat others unscrupulously, partake in baseless verbal attacks, and fearlessly employ poisonous, barbaric language. The deep digging of the ‘human flesh search engines’ and the ubiquity of false accusations against supposed Chinese traitors causes great harm to those involved. Furthermore, the degree of this kind of injury has already greatly exceeded what these people should have to bear. This kind of destruction of human rights, which is in complete opposition to democracy, is a classic example of the despotic rule of the majority, and this is exactly what countless democratic theory experts fear the most.
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- October 4, 2008 3:05 PM
Chinese Go Online With Food Safety Jokes
From Reuters:
Fed up with an almost constant diet of bad news about quality and safety problems, some Chinese are taking out their frustrations with biting jokes on the Internet about the seemingly never-ending scandals.
In the latest health scare, thousands of Chinese babies have fallen ill and three have died after drinking contaminated milk formula, prompting some Chinese to wonder if there is anything safe to use, and to go online to voice their frustrations.
One joke, entitled “The lucky day of a Chinese“, takes a look at all the dangerous or unsanitary goods the average Zhou could run into on a daily basis.
“Get up early, clean your teeth with carcinogenic toothpaste, and drink a glass of expired milk with excess levels of iodine and contaminated with melamine,” it starts, melamine being the compound found tainting the baby milk powder.
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- September 23, 2008 4:06 AM
China’s Internet Culture Goes Unchecked, for Now
From Wall Street Journal:
While the Chinese government keeps a tight grip on Internet news and political discussion here, it has done little to prevent online defamation and invasions of personal privacy. Now, as the national legislature looks to tighten privacy laws, a Beijing lawsuit has focused the question of whether China’s freewheeling online culture has gone too far.
The suit was prompted by the suicide in December of a woman who had been blogging about her husband’s alleged affair. Her death prompted an outpouring of vitriol against the husband, Wang Fei, who has sued two Chinese online companies and an individual for defamation and privacy violations.
The allegations, which the defendants deny, have been studied by a group of more than 50 senior judges as a test case for resolving issues of privacy rights, the liability of Internet companies and public morality. The case, now under consideration by a panel of three Beijing judges, comes as national lawmakers look to tighten privacy laws.
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- September 12, 2008 1:33 AM
China’s Hu And Wen Get Own “Fan” Website
From Reuters:
Does Chinese President Hu Jintao give you goosebumps? Got the hots for Premier Wen Jiabao? Then Communist Party mouthpiece the People’s Daily has the answer — join their online fan club.
While Chinese politicians are not normally known for star appeal — drabness and formal handshakes are more their style — the People’s Daily is making a stab at changing all that on their new “Jin and Bao Fans’ Zone” (http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/132796/index.html).
“It’s to let fans who ardently love the general secretary and premier have a platform to express their emotions, have discussions and communicate,” the newspaper wrote on its website on Thursday.
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- September 5, 2008 8:20 PM
Heard The One About You And Me?
From Reuters:
Thought the tender song “You and Me” at the opening of the Beijing Olympics was about peace and friendship? More like rising oil and food prices, some Chinese are saying.
“The Chinese name of the theme tune ‘You and Me’ is ‘You (oil) and Mi (rice)’, an expression of concern about this year’s oil and food problems …,” runs a Chinese-language joke being circulated online.
Po-faced guards and grim-looking officials give many Beijing Olympic viewers and audiences the idea that the Chinese are a people without a sense of humor.
But despite strict control of the Internet to censor out sensitive topics, irreverent websites, emails and text messages about the Games and the country’s politics abound.
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- August 13, 2008 8:27 PM
Rise of The Sea Turtle
A Newsweek article discusses how Chinese living outside of China can be just as nationalistic as their mainland counterparts, in part due to the internet:
Charles Zhang . . . says the anti-Western backlash that erupted in China this spring—after pro-Tibetan demonstrators disrupted the Olympic torch relay in London, Paris and San Francisco—was entirely justified. He himself called for a boycott of French goods and media after an unruly scrum broke out over the torch in Paris. “That was the first time Chinese people as a whole stood up to the world,” he says. “It’s good for Chinese people … That incident proves that when Chinese are upset, they can find their voice.”
Such sentiments are common on the mainland. But people like Zhang were supposed to be different: he’s what Chinese call a hai gui—”sea turtle”—referring to someone who has lived overseas. (The phrase is a pun on haiwai guilai, meaning “returned from overseas.”) Their numbers are growing by the tens of thousands every year, and as the sons and daughters of the elite, they have an outsize influence once they move back to China. In the West there’s long been an assumption that this cohort would import Western values along with their iPods. They were envisioned as the bridge to a more open, liberal, Western-friendly China.
. . .Some of the nationalism exhibited by Chinese living abroad might also be sustained, rather than diluted, by the Internet. “As soon as they get online they can be totally immersed in a Chinese environment,” says Zhao Chuan, a novelist who lived in Australia from 1987 to 2000 before coming home to write about Shanghai. “When we were studying abroad … occasionally you went to Chinatown to read a Chinese paper. Now if you’re in the U.K. you can easily not read English papers or watch English TV.”
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- August 10, 2008 6:20 PM
Digital China: Ten Things Worth Knowing about the Chinese Internet
Jeffrey Wasserstrom and Kate Merkel-Hess write on the Huffington Post:
Thanks largely to the Olympics, 2008 will go down in history as a turning point year for China — or, rather, one when the country passed several milestones. It’ll be remembered as a turning point year in Chinese sports history, due to the country getting its first chance to host the Games, and the history of Beijing’s redevelopment, due to all of that has been torn down and built up to ready the city to play host. 2008 will go down as a turning point year in the history of cross-strait relations as well, thanks to the resumption today, after over half-a-century, of regularly scheduled Taiwan-mainland flights. Here, though, we focus on still another thing that 2008 is likely to be remembered as: a turning point year for the Chinese Internet.
Consider how many Internet-related developments have already taken place. In January, YouTube videos helped publicize Shanghai protests against extensions of a high-speed train line. In February, China replaced America as the country with the most Internet users. In March and April, bloggers and hackers made headlines, as the furor over the Tibet riots and the roughing up of a Chinese torchbearer in Paris played out in cyberspace as well as on the ground. In May, Wen Jiabao became China’s first leader with a Facebook page. In June, Hu Jintao became China’s first leader to respond to questions online.
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- July 8, 2008 2:23 PM
Human Flesh Search Engines: Chinese Vigilantes That Hunt Victims On The Web
From Times Online:
She looks like any other disgruntled young person. Arms tightly crossed, mouth twisted in contempt, she could be letting off steam about parents, school, or boyfriends.
But when 21-year-old Gao Qianhui sat down in front her webcam last month, she had far more important issues on her mind. Upset that the three-day mourning period for the 80,000 victims of the earthquake in southwest China had disrupted her television viewing schedule, she launched into a five-minute spew of vitriol and then posted the video online.
“I turn on the TV and see injured people, corpses, rotten bodies… I don’t want to watch these things. I have no choice.” Ms Gao sighed: “Come on, how many of you died? Just a few, right? There are so many people in China anyway.”
Within hours, Ms Gao had become the latest victim of a human flesh search engine, where Chinese netizens become cyber-vigilantes and online communities turn into the world’s largest lynch mobs.
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- June 25, 2008 7:41 PM
Chinese Bloggers Really Are Edgy
From China Journal:
Western journalists often write about the ability of Chinese bloggers to challenge authority and provide an alternative voice to the propaganda that often fills China’s official news media. How accurate is that description across China’s vast blogosphere?
Ashley Esarey, an assistant professor at Middlebury College, set out to describe the political discussion on Chinese blogs in a quantitative way. At the Chinese Internet Research Conference on Saturday, he shared the results of content analysis he conducted on more than 500 blogs with political content and discussion of news events from 2006. He compared the results of that study to a similar content analysis of major Chinese newspapers.
He found that, at least in empirical terms, Chinese bloggers do live up to their reputation. Some 61% of Chinese blogs he studied carried criticism, while only 19% of Chinese newspapers did the same. (Notably, corporations were a top subject of criticism for the bloggers, along with national events and the central government– Esarey’s chart below has more details).
Read also Chinese Internet Research Conference: Two Views of Chinese Internet Users, Opportunity and Obstacles for Online Video by Sky Canaves, Beyond the ‘Wall’ by Geoffrey A. Fowler, and The Chinese Internet: Myth and Reality by Sky Canaves.
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- June 14, 2008 10:34 PM
Chinese Netizens On The Hunt For Truth – Pang Li
From China.org.cn:
The Internet, as a relatively young form of mass communication, has radically changed Chinese people’s lives and their ways of looking at the world. There has emerged a trend where in Internet debates Chinese netizens, whether they agree or disagree with what they read, will seriously and professionally try to find proof supporting their opinions via web searches and even field investigations.
The dispute over the appearance of a South China Tiger and the rumor of the disappearance of Chang’e-1, China’s first lunar obiter are examples of how the changing Chinese Internet culture is not only affecting individual users, but also more traditional media sources. [Full Text]
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- December 2, 2007 4:16 AM
Paparazzi and Celebrity Blogs Most Popular – Josie Liu
From the China in Transition blog:
Among the eight blog articles that have been viewed for more than 500,000 times, six fall into the paparazzi and celebrity journal categories. The champion, with over 980,000 hits, is a short entry written by 25-year-old model and singer, Ms. Wei Jiaqing, who gained her national recognition after participating in the 2006 Super Girl singing competition. In the entry, she told her fans that she already ended a contract with the company that managed the Super Girl.
In comparison, the most popular entries on http://www.bullog.cn/, a blog site carrying more serious discussions about politics, culture and economy, only generated five-digit hit.
As much as the Internet has become an important political forum for Chinese public, it is an even more powerful entertainment medium. This is partly due to Chinese authority’s control over political discourse on the Internet, which results into abundant revealing beauty pictures but much less out-spoken expressions on Chinese websites. [Full text]
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- October 5, 2007 8:38 PM