Researchers found that graduates with officials in their family can earn 15 percent more at their first job out of college than others with the same academic abilities, the Beijing Evening News reported on Monday.

Li Hongbin, a professor with the Department of Economics at Tsinghua University who took part in the research, told the media that they came to the conclusion by comparing and analyzing a career survey done by the university in 2010 that sampled 6,059 students from 11 provinces throughout China.

[…] Li pointed out that the results echo public concerns over the abuse of power by government officials and reflect fears that corruption is rampant and that the powerful are using their positions for personal gain. [Source]

Coincidentally, Guangdong-based financial magazine New Fortune reported this week that Mao Zedong’s granddaughter now ranks among the country’s wealthiest 500. From Patrick Boehler at South China Morning Post:

Kong Dongmei, the granddaughter of the founder of the People’s Republic and his third wife He Zizhen, along with her husband Chen Dongsheng have the combined wealth of five billion yuan (HK$6.3 billion), putting them at number 242 in the annual rankingby the Guangdong-based New Fortune magazine.

[…] Chen is the founder of China’s first national auction house Guardian and the country’s fourth largest insurance house Taikang.

“The House of Mao will never engage in business,” Mao’s only known grandson Mao Xinyu, a major general in the People’s Liberation Army, reportedly pledged, perhaps to avoid suspicion of exploiting the illustrious ancestor for personal gain. [Source]

China’s richest man, though, is no princeling. As Boehler notes, beverage tycoon Zong Qinghou started out as a salt harvester.

© cindyliuwenxin for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Mao Xinyu, Mao Zedong, officials children, second-generation officials, Tsinghua University, Zong Qinghou
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

To get a better sense of [Xi Jinping] and the challenges he is inheriting, I began compiling a list of stories I wanted to follow – economic, environmental and political – in far-flung parts of the country, including Liangjiahe.

One afternoon, I plotted them on a map and an unexpected pattern emerged: You could draw an extended arc through those dots and trace a course not too different from that of the fabled Long March that Mao Zedong and his Red Armies had taken more than seven decades earlier.

[…] By the time we arrived at the gate of Mr. Xi’s former cave-house, we had seen progress everywhere our trains had stopped: apartment buildings rising from the ground, dirt roads being paved, high-speed railway lines coming into service, mobile phone networks spreading to the remotest corners of the country.

But we also heard again and again how little China has changed when it comes to the rule of law. As in Mao’s time, the Communist Party can still demolish your home, declare that you are a “subversive” element, and send you to prison or a labour camp without any proof or chance to defend yourself.

[…] My trip convinced me that China is going to change dramatically over the coming decade. It is up to the Communist Party – especially Mr. Xi – to decide whether it wants to lead that change or dig in for an existential crisis.

For more from the voyage, see the China Diaries series at The Globe and Mail and photojournalist John Lehmann’s images from the trip.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | One comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Chongqing, Cultural Revolution, high-speed rail, Lanzhou, long march, Mao Zedong, nailhouse, trains, Wukan, Xi Jinping
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

“Her father’s death, her husband’s persecution, her daughter’s death – everything that happened made her suspicious of the Cultural Revolution … She was sick of [it],” said Zhang.

Eventually conditions improved and she was allowed to sleep at home. Then, one evening, her zealous son accused her of tacitly criticising Mao. The family row spiralled rapidly: Fang called for the return of purged leaders and attacked Mao for his personality cult. “I warned her: ‘If you go against our dear Chairman Mao I will smash your dog head,’” Zhang said, at times reading from his father’s testimony. “I felt this wasn’t my mother. This wasn’t a person. She suddenly became a monster … She had become a class enemy and opened her bloody mouth.”

Fang’s brother begged her to take her words back, warning she would be killed. “I’m not scared,” Fang replied. She tore down and burned Mao’s picture.

When her husband and son ran to denounce her, “I understood it meant death,” Zhang said. In fact, he added, he called for her to be shot as a counter-revolutionary. He last saw her as she knelt on stage in the hours before her death.

The report includes a video interview with Zhang.

© Sophie Beach for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | One comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Anhui, Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong, PRC history
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

Sun Yunfan: James Palmer is very insightful in pointing out the “values gap” and “information gap” between the balinghou, or the post-80s generation, and their parents. Aside from being a whole generation of only children—due to the One Child Policy—balinghou kids belong to probably the first generation in Chinese history who collectively enjoyed a good education and relatively unlimited access to information. When they talk to their parents, they often find themselves trapped in a muddled swamp of language filled with fragments of autocratic, superstitious, Confucian, Maoist, and Social Darwinist beliefs—in other words, they don’t share a common ground with their parents on which to have any meaningful discussion.

However, many balinghou believe that this communication crisis that emerged in China in the 21st century is not that different from what the New Youth faced during the May Fourth movement 100 years ago. […]

Orville Schell: I loved reading Palmer’s piece, but as I pondered it, I realized that, as in most complex societies, there are a lot of different currents flowing at the same time. But, what is undeniable in China is that, having first cancelled traditional culture, then made serial efforts to re-invent itself in the guise of a mash-up of Chiang Kai-shekist politics, Confucianism and Christianity; Mao Zedongist proletarian/Marxism; Deng Xiaopingist “to get rich is glorious” market culture, there is now a heightened state of confusion over just what it is that Chinese should make of whatever strange sibuxiang 四不象 (neither fish nor fowl) trend they should take as their True North when it comes to culture and values.

The original article is reposted in condensed form at ChinaFile, but the full version at Aeon Magazine is highly recommended.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Chiang Kai-shek, Christianity, Confucianism, demographics, Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zedong, maoism, marxism, May 4th, may fourth, one-child policy, Orville Schell, post 80s, values
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

In the heady days of the early post-Mao years, as China began opening to the world, a youthful Xi Jinping attended a fortnightly study group with other top leaders’ children to network, enjoy friendship and make sense of the change around them.

Mr Xi, now general secretary of the Communist Party, stayed close with the group as they worked the long and sometimes treacherous path towards the apex of the party, as their fathers had before them, and came to identify as Hongerdai, or “Second Generation Red”.

[…] The Mao faithful are hoping, and liberal intellectuals and private entrepreneurs are worried, that Mr Xi will symbolically foreclose any short-term possibility of political reform by holding a big celebration of Mao’s 120th birthday at the end of this year.

“This is a big test,” said He Weifang, a lawyer who was involved in building the political case against Bo Xilai. “This is an important occasion and requires Xi to deliver a speech or make some decision.”

At Foreign Policy, Garnaut shows a 2006 photo including the reunited study group which, he writes, “illustrates their dominance over the government and the economy”:

In the middle row in a tan jacket stands businessman Hu Shiying, who runs a plethora of official and quasi-official organisations ranging from martial arts to green technology. The convenor of the close-knit study group, Hu is the son of Hu Qiaomu, Chairman Mao Zedong’s main secretary. […]

[…] Standing next to him is Xi, the son of a vice premier; then Wang Qishan, the son-in-law of a vice premier and a member of China’s top decision making body, the Politburo Standing Committee, where he’s in charge of fighting corruption. Wang stands next to Liu Xiaojiang, who as Navy Commissar is one of the most important officials in the PLA Navy; Liu is also the son of a general and the son-in-law of former Party boss Hu Yaobang.

[…] On Saturday, at the fellowship’s reunion during China’s annual Spring Festival holiday, [Hu Shiying's sister, Hu] Muying urged her fellow princelings to get involved in “affairs of state” — and that they are, continuing the tradition of their ancestors. When the photo appeared on the website, the princelings were described as “brothers and sisters.” At a December speech commemorating Mao’s 119th birthday, Hu described his “eyes welling with tears” when singing revolutionary songs. “We are Mao’s family members,” he said.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | One comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Bo Xilai, He Weifang, hu yaobang, Mao Zedong, maoism, princelings, Wang Qishan, Xi Jinping
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

On January 29-30, 2013 one of the top ten micro-blogs in Sina Weibo, the most influential micro-blogging platform in China, has a set of historical photos showing two versions of the Chinese history during Mao’s Era (1949-1976).

The micro-blog, in the form of a collage, published by @Pongyoung with a brief comment: “How history has been amended?”, has been retweeted 13362 times with 2237 comments within one day. The photos and their explanation were originally published by the history channel [zh] of ifeng.com.

In order to help our readers see the difference between the two versions of the Chinese history, I cut the collage into 10 photo sets with a brief explanation.[...]

The missing person is Peng Zhen, also once a CCP leader. He was purged during the Cultural Revolution for opposing Mao’s views on the role of literature in relation to the state.[...]

See the whole gallery at Global Voices.

For more on selective portrayals of history, see “At China’s New Museum, History Toes the Party Line” via CDT. Also see prior CDT coverage of propaganda and historical revisionism.

© josh rudolph for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | One comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: CCP history, history, Mao Zedong, PRC history, propaganda, revisionism
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

“I would hardly be here to buy Li’s book if not for what happened to him on Sunday,” one young man said. “I just came here to show my support for Li, a liberal-minded critic.”

[…] Meanwhile, dozens of protesters, most in their 40s or 50s and some wearing Mao Zedong badges, gathered outside the building.

One of the protesters said he was outraged by some of Li’s recent comments, such as labelling those who took to the streets in anti-Japanese demonstrations in Shenzhen “brain damaged”.

“Li is a typical traitor who does nothing more than distort history and mislead the public, particularly the young,” he said.

Also at the South China Morning Post, Laura Zhou had previously described Sunday’s altercation, over which Li is reportedly considering legal action.

Li Chengpeng, a former journalist, was punched in the head during an afternoon signing of his new book for readers at the Zhongguancun Bookstore in Haidian district, and another man was filmed throwing a packaged kitchen knife at Li.

The man who punched Li claimed to have a strong aversion to the content of Li’s new book, The Whole World Knows. The assailant was taken away by Beijing police, according to a post on the public security bureau’s microblog that night.

The new book is a collection of essays that include sensitive topics such as the shoddy quality of school buildings that collapsed and killed thousands of students during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the alleged cover-up of the 2011 Wenzhou train crash.

The knife incident, in which a man waited in line to present Li with the threatening “gift”, and then threw it at him when it was apparently rejected, was caught on video (via SCMP’s John Kennedy):

Click here to view the embedded video.

In contrast with the action in Beijing and Shenzhen, Li’s signing in Chengdu on Saturday was markedly subdued. Li had been ordered not to address the audience and wore a mask over his mouth in protest. Global Voices Online translated a weibo post Li sent before the event, together with a selection of other users’ reactions:

Someone just delivered a strict order: at my book signing event, I’m not allowed to talk; the readers are not allowed to ask me any questions; I can’t even introduce myself or say “ Happy New Year, Thank you”. I’m not even allowed to introduce the names of other guests at my event; they are not allowed to talk or answer any questions. They can only sit in the corner. I deeply feel it’s against my understanding of dignity. They are crazy.

王金明小伙[zh]: It’s the most depressing signing event I’ve ever experienced. There were many people on the spot but no sound. The policemen were guarding each corner. Li wore a mask and signed his book with the wrong date. His guests only appeared very shortly before being asked to step down. There were tears on Li’s face.

I suddenly discovered that the Communist Party has made creating a buzz into an art. Li Chengpeng’s book signing was just a small ordinary event, but after the Communist Party’s handling of it, it became a work of performance art that has spread throughout the world.

Bruce Humes and Sascha Matuszak blogged their accounts of the Shenzhen and Chengdu signings, respectively.

Scuffles between leftists and liberals also broke out outside the offices of the Southern Weekly newspaper, during protests over censorship of its New Year greeting. Li was particularly outspoken about the Southern Weekly affair. From an interview at Japan’s Asahi Shimbun:

To me, this feels as if the insult toward freedom of speech has been lifted up a level. I cannot stand it, and I believe many other people feel the same.

China’s Constitution recognizes freedom of speech. The new party leadership advocates the rule of law. It should therefore sponsor freedom of speech–but doesn’t. The reality is different.

[…] I’ve felt pressure. I’ve been braced to see my blog shut down. Yet, we are not challenging the government. We just want China to become a better country.

The fact that many people have raised their voice this time has great significance. This is the first step on a long road toward achieving freedom of speech.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: 2008 Sichuan earthquake, anti-Japan demonstrations 2012, Beijing, books, Chengdu, freedom of speech, leftists, Li Chengpeng, Mao Zedong, rule of law, Shenzhen, Southern Weekly, southern weekly protest 2013, train crash, wenzhou, writers
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

[…] Paramount Pictures just learned the hard way that some things won’t pass muster — like American fighter pilots in dogfights with MIGs. The studio months ago submitted a new 3-D version of “Top Gun” to Chinese censors. The ensuing silence was finally recognized as rejection.

(“Political disapproval?” wondered the Times’ Edward Wong. “Or just good taste?”)

Mr. Cohen’s “Mummy” film, which was shot throughout China in 2007, was a historical fantasy about an evil emperor who is magically resurrected by foreign adventurers in 1946. The script was preapproved by China’s censorship board with only token changes — the emperor’s name had to be fictionalized, for instance. The censors also cautioned that the ancient ruler should not resemble Mao Zedong.

In a 2011 Web post, Robert Cain, a producer and consultant who guides filmmakers through China’s system, described having worked in Shanghai on a romantic comedy that went off script; the director included a take in which an extra, holding a camcorder, pretended to be a theater patron taping a movie on a screen.

The next day, Mr. Cain and others involved with the film were summoned to the office of a Communist Party member who told them the film was being shut down for its “naïve” and “untruthful” portrayal of film piracy. Assuming they had been reported by a spy on their crew, the producers apologized and managed to keep the film on track.

As tricky as dealing with SARFT may be for foreigners, it is all the more so for Chinese filmmakers. Last year, director Lou Ye described the tortuous process of securing approval for Mystery, a film he ultimately disowned in protest.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: cinema, film censorship, film industry, films, hollywood, Mao Zedong, movie industry, piracy, SARFT
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

On Tuesday, the paper’s editorial committee was to hold a fourth round of negotiations with its top management, which is part of the provincial propaganda office, according to a Southern Weekly editor. The editor spoke on condition of anonymity because of an internal directive not to talk to the foreign media.

Propaganda officials want the newspaper to publish — as per normal — on Thursday but editors are negotiating over whether to do so, and the terms under which they would be willing, for example, if they could include a letter to readers explaining the incident, the editor said.

The committee is also pushing a larger appeal to abolish censorship of the newspaper’s content prior to publication, the editor said. The suggestion is that Communist Party leaders could provide direction but not interfere with reporting and editing, and should refrain from taking issue with content until after publication, the editor said.

Meanwhile, protests continued outside Southern Weekly’s headquarters, with the newspaper’s supporters facing off against a small Maoist counter-protest. From James Pomfret at Reuters:

The scuffles broke out after supporters of the paper, published on Thursdays, jeered and skirmished with a small band of leftists holding posters of Chairman Mao Zedong and signs denouncing the Southern Weekly as “a traitor newspaper” for defying the party.

“These people (leftists) are paid agitators of the government, twisting the truth with propaganda. We had to do something about it,” said pro-press freedom protester Cheng Qiubo.

Dozens of police officers had to intervene, though the protests were allowed to continue. Two technicians with a ladder tried to rig a surveillance camera to the branch of a tree outside the newspaper gates, but were swiftly surrounded and shouted down by angry crowds and forced to retreat.

The Economist’s James Miles observed (using the newspaper’s alternative English name):

Small group of leftists only persistent protesters outside Southern Weekend, Spectators wave 50 cents at them. twitter.com/jarmiles/statu…

— James Miles (@jarmiles) January 8, 2013

The Wall Street Journal’s Paul Mozur posted video of the heated confrontation, while others published dozens of photos on Facebook and other social media sites. Some showed Guy Fawkes masks inspired by the Alan Moore graphic novel V for Vendetta, via the 2005 Hollywood adaptation that aired last month on CCTV. From The New York Times’ Jonah Kessel:

Some freedom of speech advocates wearing v for vendetta masks. Said he saw the movie on CCTV recently and ordered the mask

— Jonah Kessel (@jonah_kessel) January 8, 2013

Tea Leaf Nation tracked online support for Southern Weekly:

[… T]hese include some of Chinese social media’s most high profile users from all walks of life. Celebrities such as actress Yao Chen (with 31 million followers) and actor Chen Kui (with 27 million followers) tweeted explicit messages of support on Sina Weibo, a microblog platform. Yao quoted the 1970 Nobel lecture of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the Russian author and dissident, along with a logo of Southern Weekend. Chen was more direct: “I am not that deep, and I don’t play word games; I support the friends at Southern Weekend.”

[…] Ren Zhiqiang (@任志强), one of the most outspoken businessmen in China with almost 13 million followers, tweeted on Sina Weibo, “Freedom of press and freedom of speech are rights given to the society and the people by the constitution; they are also symbols of human rights and freedom. Yet they have become pipe dreams without the rule of law, being seriously distorted and restricted. If truth is not allowed to be spoken, would truth disappear?”

Li Chengpeng and Han Han, China’s two most famous bloggers, both wrote articles in support of Southern Weekend. Li wrote, “We don’t need tall buildings, but we need a newspaper that speaks the truth. We don’t need the second highest GDP in the world, but we need a newspaper that speaks the truth. We don’t need a fleet of aircraft carriers, but we need a newspaper that speaks the truth.”

Han Han’s post was previously featured at CDT on Monday.

A Global Times editorial, ‘Southern Weekend’s ‘Letter to Readers’ Truly Makes One Ponder‘, on the other hand, reiterated a claim posted by Southern Weekly’s official Sina Weibo account: that provincial propaganda authorities in fact had nothing to do with the controversial edits. China Media Project’s David Bandurski had previously reported that newspaper staff felt this to be “completely at odds with the truth”, and that it was issued “without confirmation or authorization from members of the newspaper’s editorial committee.” The Times editorial went on to hit other points from a propaganda directive obtained by CDT: that “Party control of the media is an unwavering basic principle”, and that “external hostile forces are involved in the development of the situation”—including, it alleged, Chen Guangcheng. From translated highlights at Fei Chang Dao:

These people are making spirited demands, and while on the surface they are going after a specific person and event, its obvious to everyone watching that their target is the entire system that involves the media.

Whether these people like it or not, this is common sense: given the current state of China’s society and government, the kind of “free media” that these people yearn for in their hearts simply cannot exist. All of China’s media can develop only to the extent China does, and media reform must remain part-and-parcel of China’s overall reform, and the media absolutely will not become a “political special zone” of China.

[…] Even in the West, the mainstream media will not choose to openly oppose the government.

A version of the editorial also appeared on the English-language Global Times site.

The Diplomat’s David Cohen reported that, as instructed, the editorial was republished by major web portals including Sohu, Sina and Tencent. Each, however, added a disclaimer to the effect that republication did not equal endorsement. Further defiance was shown in screen grabs of headlines on sites’ front pages, arranged so that their first characters spelled out messages of support. According to Amy Li at South China Morning Post, the editorial also appeared in Guangzhou Information Times, Guangzhou’s New Express Daily, Beijing Youth Daily, Beijing Times, Hangzhou’s City Express, Shenzhen’s Daily Sunshine, Xi’an’s Sanqin Daily, Xi’an Evening News and China Business News.

David Bandurski saw the leaked directive as potentially ominous. From China Media Project:

If it is true, as Berkeley’s China Digital Times reports, that media have been issued a propaganda directive on the Southern Weekly incident that deflects blame from Guangdong propaganda officials toward foreign “hostile forces,” that is not an encouraging sign.

Readers should understand that the Southern Weekly crisis is not just a face-off between pro-reform voices and status-quo Party conservatives. In this case, it was propaganda officials in Guangdong — the spiritual heart of China’s reform and opening — who upset the status-quo by exercising censorship to such an intrusive extent that the situation became unacceptable to working journalists, most of whom had already made an uneasy peace with media controls.

The crisis at the Nanfang Media Group is not just about whether Xi Jinping is serious about the ostensible new openness and responsiveness attributed to him by sustained state propaganda. It is about whether China could be moving backward on the issue of media freedom, which would send worrying signals about the overall direction of the new leadership.

At The Wall Street Journal, Danwei’s Jeremy Goldkorn also discussed the situation in terms of prospects for media and internet freedom, saying that “I don’t believe there’s anybody in the senior leadership who’s committed to those ideals.”

An editorial in The Telegraph suggested that the new leadership’s response will be revealing, finding some encouragement in a People’s Daily editorial with a different tone to Global Times piece:

This is Mr Xi’s first serious test and early indications suggest that he is treading carefully. Demonstrations have been lightly policed and yesterday the People’s Daily, the party’s official outlet, said that propaganda officials should “follow the rhythm of the times” and help the authorities create a “pragmatic and open-minded image”. On the face of it, this heralds a welcome and more tolerant official approach to the media. Whether or not it amounts to anything of substance will become clear in the next few days.

Guangdong’s new Party chief Hu Chunhua will also be under scrutiny: the posting is, in part, a near-final test of his suitability for future national leadership.

For now, however, it remains unclear which way Beijing will move. From Jonah Kessel and Chris Buckley at The New York Times:

Both supporters and critics of Southern Weekend journalists have claimed that Mr. Xi would back their cause.

“I don’t believe that Xi is totally hypocritical when he talks about reform,” said Mr. Chen [Min, also known by the pen name Xiao Shu], who was forced out of the newspaper in 2011.

“The Southern Weekend journalists have said that they accept party control, but the question is what kind of control and how far should it go unchallenged,” Mr. Chen added.

Update (January 8, 11:20 am PST):

Reuters has reported that Guangdong Provincial Party chief Hu Chunhua has stepped into the fray and negotiated an agreement between propaganda officials and Southern Weekly:

Under Hu’s deal, the source said, newspaper workers would end their strike and return to work, the paper would print as normal this week, and most staff would not face punishment. “Guangdong’s Hu personally stepped in to resolve this,” the source said.

“He gets personal image points by showing that he has guts and the ability to resolve complex situations. In addition, the signal that he projects through this is one of relative openness, it’s a signal of a leader who is relatively steady.”

The standoff at the Southern Weekly, long seen as a beacon of independent and in-depth reporting in China’s highly controlled media landscape, has led to demands for the country’s new leadership to grant greater media freedoms.

[...]

It wasn’t possible to immediately corroborate Hu’s involvement in brokering the deal with editorial staff, who may be bound by an agreement not to speak out.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2013. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Chen Guangcheng, chen min, danwei, David Bandurski, Directives from the Ministry of Truth, Global Times, Guangdong, Guangdong Department of Propaganda, Han Han, Hu Chunhua, Jeremy Goldkorn, Li Chengpeng, Mao Zedong, maoism, media conditions, new left, people's daily, propaganda, propaganda department, protests, sina, sina weibo, sohu, Southern Media Group, Southern Weekly, southern weekly protest 2013, tencent, V for Vendetta, Xi Jinping, Xiao Shu
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

“They said the Maos won’t work,” Eric Shiner, director of The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, said in an interview in Hong Kong. “This is disappointing because his imagery is so mainstream in Chinese contemporary art.”

A person familiar with the show, who asked not to be named because of the political sensitivity of the issue, confirmed the Mao works had been rejected by the Ministry of Culture. The Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs didn’t immediately respond to faxed questions seeking comment today.

[…] According to the Christie’s auction website, Warhol chose Mao as “the ultimate star”, using an image of him taken from the portrait photograph reproduced in the Chairman’s so-called Little Red Book.

“He wasn’t being disrespectful,” Shiner said.

Christies’ Beatriz Ordovas commented that the portraits did “playfully subvert” the original image, its subject, and the personality cult that surrounded him. “These works were considered rare examples of a more political Warhol. However, it is likely that Warhol was drawn to Mao not through any Cold War connotations, but through the image’s mass appeal.”

Christies’ notes on a recently auctioned print further explain Warhol’s choice of Mao as the portraits’ subject:

Against the background of the Cold War and Nixon’s visit to China, the figure of Mao was one of the most reproduced images in the world. The origin of Warhol’s choice of this picture has traced back to a conversation between Warhol and the dealer Brubo Bischoftberger who suggested the idea of producing a series of work depicting the most important figure of the twentieth century, initially suggesting Albert Einstein. Thinking about this proposition, the artist is said to have replied, ‘Oh, that’s a good idea. But I was just reading in Life magazine that the most famous person in the world today is Chairman Mao. Shouldn’t he be the most famous person, Bruno?’

At Foreign Policy, Joshua Keating noted that Warhol’s incitement of playful subversion among Chinese artists may have influenced the decision to reject the prints:

Warhol was not a particularly political artist and was more interested in Mao’s status as a cultural icon than his actions or ideas. But some of China’s more daring contemporary artists have obviously been inspired by him. Ai Weiwei’s painting of a Coca-Cola logo on a Han dynasty vase is an obvious Warhol homage. There’s also pop art influence the work of the Gao brothers, whose most famous works depict Chairman Mao in a variety of compromising positions, including “as a kneeling penitent, with giant breasts, a detachable head, and in one of their most famous works, as a firing squad of clones about to execute Jesus Christ. “

[…] So while Warhol may never have intended his prints as a criticism of the Chairman, the authorities may not want any more subversive artists getting ideas.

There have also been recent calls for the real Mao to be removed from display in Beijing. The suggestion came amid efforts to reshape traditional funeral preferences, an issue brought to a head by a deeply unpopular campaign of grave-flattening to reclaim farmland in Henan. From The Economist:

Officials say it was not Mao’s wish for his body to be put on permanent display in a purpose-built hall covering nearly three hectares in the middle of Beijing. Soon after coming to power in 1949 he was reportedly the first leader to commit himself to being cremated, a practice advocated by the Communists who wanted to put an end to grave-building that wasted precious land. But despite the winding down of the cult of Mao in the years after his death in 1976, the mausoleum has remained inviolate. Calls for its dismantling have been all but taboo. Queues of tourists (especially Chinese ones) still form outside, eager for a glimpse of Mao’s waxen corpse.

[…] But an appeal by one scholar, Yuan Gang of Peking University, […] suggested that Mao’s body be removed from its “lavish” memorial hall in Tiananmen Square, cremated, and the ashes delivered to his ancestral home in Shaoshan in the central province of Hunan. This, said Mr Yuan in an article republished on several websites run by official newspapers, would allow Mao to “rest in peace forever” and give a boost to the government’s efforts to change burial customs. But his proposal is as likely to be adopted as farmers are to end their ancient practice of erecting higgledy-piggledy mounds on their tiny plots of land. In August a Beijing official confirmed (to the horror of some) that the government was likely to apply for the mausoleum to be listed by UNESCO as part of a World Heritage Site.

The portraits were previously the subject of controversy in 2009, when Obama critics took issue with a Warholian Mao ornament on one of the White House Christmas trees.

Beijing Cream has posted video from Warhol’s 1982 visit to China. The current exhibition, 15 Minutes Eternal, is showing at the Hong Kong Museum of Art until March 31.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2012. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Andy Warhol, art exhibition, artists, Beijing, funerals, Hong Kong, Mao portrait, Mao Zedong, Ministry of Culture, Shanghai
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

In partnership with the China Copyright and Media blog, CDT is adding the “Beijing Internet Instructions” series to the Censorship Vault. These directives were originally published on Canyu.org (Participate) and date from 2005 to 2007. According to Canyu, the directives were issued by the Beijing Municipal Network Propaganda Management Office and the State Council Internet management departments and provided to to Canyu by insiders. China Copyright and Media has not verified the source.

Afternoon Tea, 2004. A directive from October 11, 2006 asked Beijing websites to remove images of Shi Xinning‘s oil paintings of Mao Zedong with actresses and other famous figures.

The translations are by Rogier Creemers of China Copyright and Media.

9 October 2006, 11:45, Chen Hua

Everyone, a short briefing, on the matter of the North Korean nuclear tests, it is strictly prohibited to transmit foreign dispatches, standardize copy sources, do not gather news by yourself (VIP interviews, news lines, etc.).

9 October 2006, 16:06, Huang Jing

Everyone, recently, some websites reprinted the posts “Laid-Off Workers’ Song of Eternal Sorrow,” please notify all websites to thoroughly investigate their website forums, news trackers and other interactive columns, if this sort of information is discovered, it is to be deleted without exception.

9 October 2006, 19:09, Chen Hua

Concerning the North Korean nuclear tests, only use People’s Daily and Xinhua copy, earlier China News copy is to be completely deleted and may not be used again, everyone is requested to rapidly adjust their pages.

10 October 2006, 8:50, Chen Hua

All websites, please immediately delete the text “Experts: the Six Party Talks May Go from Coma to Death.”

9 October 2006, 12:43, Beijing Municipal Information Office

I. For news on North Korea’s nuclear tests, only copy from Xinhua and People’s Daily can be used, it is not permitted to use that of China News Net. Open trackers, but they must be managed well, in managing trackers, some principles shall be persisted in: (1) Our country’s persistent position of “non-nuclearization” on the Korean peninsula; (2) The hope of return to the Six Party Talks; (3) All sides deal with this matter soberly; (4) Do not disseminate rumors, do not engage in pointless guessing concerning nuclear pollution.

II. Concerning reporting the case of the Beijing City Vice-Mayor Liu Zhihua, including the process of the case, work units and individuals involved in the case, as well as targets of investigation, etc., only official copy from Xinhua and People’s Daily is to be transmitted online, it is strictly prohibited to use copy from other sources. Strengthen management over forums, news trackers, blogs and mobile telephone messages, all information not conforming to these requirements must be firmly deleted. Situations of non-earnest implementation of these requirements will be severely dealt with.

III. All websites, the 6th Plenum will be organized from the 8th until the 11th. During this time, negative news from all localities and all departments may not appear in the important news section, do not report on sudden malicious incidents and production security accidents.

IV. Abe’s visit to China has an important significance, propaganda and reporting must coordinate with the large picture of our country’s foreign affairs; all websites must timely delete provoking and inciting discussions, and the source of harmful information must be tracked down. For reports concerning the South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun and Japanese Prime Minister Abe visiting China soon, please use Xinhua and People’s Daily copy without exception, and it is not permitted to issue this in the heading position of the important news section; if separate articles are issued on the visits to China by these two people, the information on Roh shall be before information on Abe, and they may respectively be placed in the second and third position of the important news section; if the visit to China of the two persons is reported in one article, the name of Roh must appear before the name of Abe, and it may be placed in the second position of the important news section; trackers and forums must be managed well, it is not permitted to have extreme discussions.

11 October 2006, 10:43, Beijing Municipal Information Office, Huang Jing

All websites, recently after the complete inspection and earnest re-examination by the Hunan provincial, municipal and county judicial departments, it has been ascertained that the accusation in the original case of the original defendant Yang Mingyin, a farmer from Cili County, of the crime of plundering has not been established. In this regard, some websites have engaged in excessive reporting, which was not beneficial to safeguarding social stability in that locality. All relevant websites are requested to speedily calm down their existing reporting, and will immediately push articles to the back stage, they may not play this up, and may no longer publish new reports.

11 October 2006, 10:48, Beijing Municipal Information Office, Yang Le

All websites are to clean up and delete images of the oil paintings “Chairman Mao Living Today” and “Chairman Mao and Actresses” in forums, blogs and other interactive segments, search engines are to set up keywords to shield corresponding links.

11 October 2006, 16:42, Beijing Municipal Information Office, Huang Jing

All websites, please reprint the following articles in the domestic news section of the news center.

Title: Li Chang: We Were Deceived by Li Hongzhang! Address: http://www.kaiwind.com/xlzt/flzx/200609/t8783.htm

Title: Wang Zhiwen: How Was “25 April” Arranged. Address: http://www.kaiwind.com/xlzt/flzx/200609/t9064.htm

Please pay attention to transferring this from Kaiwind.

12 October 2006, 18:37, Beijing Municipal Information Office

Everyone, please immediately put the special subject on the 70th anniversary of the Long March on the main page of websites and the second position of the news page, and report the speeches of Central leading comrades at the opening ceremony of the “Magnificent Feat, Glorious Process – Exhibition Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Victorious Long March of the Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army” on 16 October.

12 October 2006, 23:11, Beijing Municipal Information Office, Chen Hua

The matter concerning the case of a suicide by jumping off the Tiananmen building today in the afternoon, and the matter of a person burning a gasoline can tonight in Tiananmen Square are not to be reported, interactive segments are not to discuss this.

12 October 2006, 18:37, Beijing Municipal Information Office

Do the propaganda for the 70th anniversary of the victory in the Long March well, the special subject must be put on the main page and on the second position of the news page, timely disseminate focus articles.

13 October 2006, 15;57, Beijing Municipal Information Office

All websites: please set up the title “Central Party School Social Science Department Professor Qin Gang Talks About Building Harmonious Society” in the “Building a Harmonious Society” special subject header, link to http://www.xj71.com/show_video.php?id=31682&type=video. At the same time, the “Building a Harmonious Society” special subject is to be restored to the important news section.

13 October 2006, 20:50, Network Management Office, Duty manager 2

In recent days, there have been relatively many discussions online concerning cancelling Chinese medicine and Chinese drugs, which is not beneficial to protecting the excellent traditional culture of the nation, is not beneficial to the development of our country’s Chinese medicine and Chinese drug undertaking, and is not beneficial to guaranteeing the people’s health. All websites may no longer reprint or post comments concerning cancelling Chinese medicine or Chinese drugs, and may also not set up corresponding topics to guide netizens’ discussions. Where existing content on forums and blogs plays up the cancellation of Chinese medicine and Chinese drugs, measures must be adopted to curb this. All localities’  foreign propaganda offices are requested to notify websites to implement this.

13 October 2006, 20:50, Network Management Office, Duty Manager 2

Please make “Yesterday Reappeared” into keywords and screen searches. Also, the said article may not be reprinted.

13 October 2006, 0:24

Immediately delete articles with the following content on websites (focus on inspecting searches and blog articles), make the following four words into keywords for screening.

A. Born as Renjie B. Li Renjie C. Renjie Reappears D. Renjie and Weihong Reappear

15 October 2006, 22:24, Network Management Office, Duty manager 2

Notice: on the matter of a number of Jilin Agricultural University Visual Arts Faculty teachers having put forward resignations because they are dissatisfied with the school merging faculties and the corresponding incidents triggered by this matter are all to be not reported, where it has been reported, it is to be immediately deleted, forums and blogs are also not to discuss this matter.

2006年10月北京网管办发出的禁令（一）
2006年10月09日11时45分 陈华

各位，提示一下，朝鲜核试验一事，严禁转外电，规范稿源，不要自采（嘉宾访谈，连线等）
2006年10月09日16时06分 黄婧

各网：近期，一些网站转载了《下岗工人长恨歌》的帖文，请即通知各网站彻底清查网站论坛、新闻跟帖等互动性栏目，发现此类信息，一律删除。
2006年10月09日19时09分 陈华

关于朝鲜核试验，只用人民，新华的，此前中新的全部删除并不得再用，请各位速调整各自页面。
2006年10月10日8时50分 陈华

各网，请马上删除《专家：六方会谈可能从休克走向死亡》一文。
2006年10月09日12时43分 北京市新闻办

一：对于朝鲜核试验的新闻，只能用新华、人民的稿件，不允许用中新网。开放跟贴，但要管好，在管理跟贴中应当坚持几个原则：1、我国坚持朝鲜半岛“无核化”的立场；2、希望重新回到六方会谈中来；3、各方冷静处理此事；4、不传播谣言，不对核污染进行无谓的猜测。

二：关于北京市原副市长刘志华案的网上报道包括案件进展、案件涉及到的单位和个人，以及被调查对象等，网站只转发新华社和《人民日报》的正式稿件， 严禁使用其它来源的稿件。 加强对论坛、新闻跟帖、博客、手机短信息的管理，凡与此要求不符的信息必须坚决删除。对不认真执行要求的情况，将要严肃处理。

三：各网：六中全会于8日到11日举行。在此期间,要闻区不要出现各地方、各部门的负面新闻，不报道突发的恶性事件和安全生产事故。

四：安倍访华具有重要意义,宣传报道要配合我国外交大局;各网要及时删除挑动和煽动性言论,对有害信息要查源头。 关于韩国总统卢武铉、日本首相安倍即将访华报道,请一律用新华、人民网稿件,并不得发在要闻区头条位置;如两人访华消息是分别发稿,卢的消息应在安倍消息 之前,可分别放在要闻区二、三条位置;如两人访华是一条消息发布,则卢的名字须在安倍之前,可放在要闻区二条位置；务必管理好跟帖和论坛,不得有过激言 论。
2006年10月11日10时43分 北京市新闻办 黄婧

各网:近期，经湖南省、市、县政法部门全面审查和认真复核，查明原案指控原审被告人慈利县农民杨明银抢劫罪不成立。对此，有的网站做了过量报道，不利于维护当地社会稳定。请有关网站对已有的报道要迅速淡化处理，将稿件立即压至后台，不得炒作，不再刊发新的报道。
2006年10月11日10时48分 北京市新闻办杨乐

各网站清理删除在论坛、博客等互动环节中的油画图片”毛主席活在今天”，”毛主席和女演员”，搜索引擎设关键词屏蔽相关链接。
2006年10月11日16时42分 北京市新闻办黄婧

各网：请在新闻中心国内新闻位置转发以下文章，

标题：李昌：我们被李洪志蒙蔽了！　网址：http://www.kaiwind.com/xlzt/flzx/200609/t8783.htm

标题：王治文:“4?25”是这样安排下去的　网址：http://www.kaiwind.com/xlzt/flzx/200609/t9064.htm

请注明转自凯风网。
2006年10月12日18时37分 北京市新闻办

各位，请马上将长征70周年专题放在网站首页和闻首二条位置，并报好10月16日中央领导同志在”伟大壮举 光辉历程-纪念中国工农红军长征胜利70周年展览”开幕式上的致辞。
2006年10月12日23时11分 北京市新闻办 陈华：

关于今天下午在天安门城楼坠楼一事及今晚一人在天安门广场燃汽油桶一事，一律不报道、互动环节不讨论。
2006年10月12日18时37分 北京市新闻办

做好长征70周年胜利的宣传，专题要放首页和闻首二条位置，重点稿件及时发布。
2006年10月13日15时57分 北京市新闻办黄婧

各网：请在“构建和谐社会”专题头条位置以“中央党校科社部教授秦刚谈构建和谐社会”为题，链接http://www.xj71.com/show_video.php?id=31682&type=video。同时将“构建和谐社会”专题在要闻区恢复。
2006年10月13日20时50分 网管办值班2

近日，网上有关取消中医中药的言论比较多，不利于保护民族优秀传统文化，不利于我国中医药事业的发展，也不利于保障人民健康。各网站不要再转载、贴 发关于取消中医中药的评论，也不要设置相关话题引导网民讨论。对论坛、博客中现有的取消中医中药炒作，要采取措施予以制止。请各地外宣办通知网站执行。

2006年10月13日20时50分 网管办值班2

请将《昨日重现》设为关键字进行搜索删除。并不要转载该文章
202006年10月13日0：24

立即删除网站内含有以下内容的文章（重点检查搜索博客文章），把以下四个词设置为关键词屏蔽。

A.生当作人杰 B.李人杰 C.人杰重现 D.人杰伟鸿重现
2006年10月15日22时24分 网管办值班2

通知：就吉林农业大学视觉艺术学院部分教师因对学校合并院系不满而提出辞职一事及由此事引起的相关事件均不做报道，已报道的立即删除，论坛和博客也不讨论此事。

These translated directives were first posted by Rogier Creemers on China Copyright and Media on December 8, 2012 (here).

© Anne.Henochowicz for China Digital Times (CDT), 2012. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Beijing, Beijing Internet Instructions, censorship, Censorship Vault, Chen Hua, china news, Chinese medicine, Directives from the Ministry of Truth, harmonious society, Hunan, Internet censorship, jilin, Liu Zhihua, long march, Mao Zedong, Ministry of Truth, North Korea, people's daily, Qin Gang, six party talks, social stability, Tiananmen, Tiananmen Square, Xinhua, Yang Le
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

In June 2011, she stepped up her role, becoming a World Health Organization ambassador for tuberculosis and AIDS — even as her husband was heading for the top. Hood says it would be a loss of face for her to step down now. But China’s first ladies have traditionally played a supporting role not much seen in public. So could China be paving the way for a new kind of first lady?

“I really do hope so,” Hood says. “[Peng] is an incredibly talented woman. She’s very well-educated, she speaks well, she’s knowledgeable, she’s powerful. And she’s one of the perfect people to pave the way for a new role model.”

But there is official nervousness about Peng already. Her name has become a forbidden search term on Weibo, China’s version of Twitter, and several online stories about her have been deleted recently.

Given China’s recent history, Peng’s cultural and artistic background doesn’t necessarily work in her favor. The last high-profile spouse in recent memory was Madame Mao — or Jiang Qing — the wife of Chairman Mao Zedong who dictated the country’s cultural life for a decade, limiting cultural fare to a series of “revolutionary operas” and “revolutionary songs.”

Jiang was subsequently blamed for the decade-long Cultural Revolution, and sentenced to a suspended death sentence as a member of the “Gang of Four.” She committed suicide in prison in 1991, but her legacy is one that hangs over all subsequent first ladies, consigning them to the background.

Most have assumed that Peng would take on a more subdued role during Xi’s tenure as China’s leader, and Newsweek’s Melinda Liu writes that she has scaled back her profile ever since her husband was tagged as the Communist Party’s heir apparent:

In that sense, Peng, despite her celebrity status, is no different from previous political wives in post-Mao China who have largely shunned the limelight. This trend partly reflects a visceral backlash against the toxic legacy of Mao Zedong’s last wife, Jiang Qing, a former B-grade Shanghai starlet who has been blamed for the bloody excesses of China’s Cultural Revolution. It also partly reflects a longstanding Chinese tradition, which discourages women from dabbling in politics. “In ancient times, the empress was never allowed to cultivate her own supporters,” said Li Yinhe, a sociologist and gender studies expert at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing. “And communist culture hasn’t given official roles to first ladies.”

Peng has yet to appear in public since Xi was annointed earlier this month as China’s new leader; there was no highly publicized “victory embrace” between China’s new power couple, like the one Americans witnessed between Barack and Michelle Obama. Yet ordinary Chinese like the Xi-Peng narrative, especially her admission that Xi knew he wanted to marry her just 40 minutes after they met—even though her parents initially opposed the match. “They married for love; it wasn’t arranged. And that’s romantic,” says Li. “Communist cadres are often seen as robotlike, but Peng is warmly accepted by people.” That acceptance has bolstered Xi’s popularity at a time of considerable uncertainty in China. Perhaps politics in the East and West aren’t so different after all.

© Scott Greene for China Digital Times (CDT), 2012. | Permalink | One comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Jiang Qing, leadership transition, Mao Zedong, Peng Liyuan, pop music, Xi Jinping
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

If you are interested in participating in this project by submitting and/or translating terms, please contact the CDT editors at CDT [at] chinadigitaltimes [dot] net.

去毛 (qù máo): hair removal

Mao excised from the 100 yuan bill.

While most search results for this term are for sites selling shaving creams and razors, it also has a political meaning. Mao Zedong’s surname (毛) literally means “hair.” Therefore, to “de-hair” can also mean to de-Mao; 去毛化 (qù máo huà) means “de-Mao-ification,” or the minimization of Mao Zedong thought and Mao’s role in history.

© Anne.Henochowicz for China Digital Times (CDT), 2012. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: censorship, Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong Thought, netizens, word of the week
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

After a long drive up a narrow dirt track through hills east of Pyongyang, a North Korean tour bus dropped the Chinese tourists near a wooded graveyard. In front of it, on a concrete pedestal, stood a bronze bust of Mao Anying, the eldest son of Mao Zedong. This was their holy grail. One by one they laid wreaths and bowed in reverence (see picture). One man kowtowed. Several wept as they delivered speeches in honour of the younger Mao, who died during the Korean war. “We must clean China up and turn it a brilliant red,” said one. Another led the group in chants of “Socialism will be victorious!”

[…] Many of China’s new middle class regard the Maoists as members of a nutty fringe. But to the poor and marginalised, as well as a few idealistic intellectuals, their views are appealing. During their four days in North Korea in October, the Maoists found a country that appeared to be following the right path: one that, in their view, Mao had started down but which his diminutive successor, Deng Xiaoping, had abandoned. “Dwarf Deng destroyed the lives of peasants,” says one member of the group, staring from the bus at new two-storey houses in the countryside on the way to Mao Anying’s memorial in Hoechang county. The suspicions of Potemkinism that constantly prey on the minds of foreign tourists in North Korea appeared not to trouble them.

[…] A retired official from a state-owned oil firm praised the “purity” of North Koreans compared with the Chinese, whose hearts were “filled with black-and-white cats”; a reference to Deng Xiaoping’s famously pragmatic dismissal of ideology, that it doesn’t matter if a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice.

For a near mirror image of The Economist’s report, see ‘The Grand Tour‘ at The New Yorker, Evan Osnos’ account of an excursion around Europe with 37 ardent Chinese consumerists.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2012. | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Deng Xiaoping, leftists, Mao Zedong, maoism, new left, North Korea
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall

It’s time for the United States to pivot to a new approach toward influencing China’s political future: explaining that democracy produces concrete benefits such as balanced growth, stability, and personal security — even for top Communist Party officials. This performance-based argument will resonate with many of China’s economic and intellectual elites and may have a chance to influence the thinking of Xi Jinping and his fellow top officials.

But first, it’s necessary to dispel the widespread myth that China’s current political and economic system is uniquely responsible for China’s growth. Yes, in the last 30 years, China has done a remarkable job of lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, but we must keep this achievement in perspective. One reason the post-Mao leadership lifted so many people out of poverty is because Mao Zedong kept so many Chinese poor. (In 1979, showing remarkable candor, the Chinese Communist Party itself publicly acknowledged that per capita grain consumption of Chinese remained stagnant between 1957 and 1978.) Second, the poverty threshold is commonly defined as living under $1 a day. Living above that line is an improvement — not prosperity. Based on data provided by the World Bank in 2008, roughly 30 percent of China’s population, or 390 million people, lived below $2 a day. By this measure, China has a comparable percentage of people living in poverty as Honduras, a country that never experienced China’s rapid GDP growth.

[…] Chinese political elites implicitly understand that democracies provide security of property and of persons. When ousted by Bo, Wang Lijun, the former police chief of Chongqing, did not turn to the Chinese Ministry of Justice but the U.S. consulate in Chengdu. Other Chinese elites outsource their personal security by sending their family members to study and to reside in the United States; wouldn’t they like a little more of that security closer to home? For democracy to work for China, it has to work for China’s most powerful. There is no other way.

Huang also explored whether democracy stifles economic growth in a 2011 TED talk. The question of Chinese democracy has been debated recently by Martin Jacques and Zhang Weiwei versus Anson Chan and Jonathan Mirsky at Intelligence Squared, and by Eric X. Li versus Minxin Pei at the Aspen Ideas Festival. Li has been a particularly vocal defender of the Party’s record in English-language media, and explained to Rachel Beitarie earlier this year why he believes democracy is not the answer for China. Equally vigorous discussion has centred on the degree of meritocracy in China’s current system.

© Samuel Wade for China Digital Times (CDT), 2012. | Permalink | 2 comments | Add to del.icio.us
Post tags: Anson Chan, Bo Xilai, democracy, economic growth, eric x. li, jonathan mirsky, Mao Zedong, meritocracy, Minxin Pei, poverty, United States, Wang Lijun, Yasheng Huang, Zhang Wei-Wei
Download Tools to Circumvent the Great Firewall