“先例肯定不可避免地大量膨胀,肯定需要长时间而且辛苦的研究才能了解她们”

            
——亚力山大·汉密尔顿

 

 

    2010年1月8日,微软公司向美国联邦巡回上诉法院(CAFC)提出由该院全体法官审理(en
banc
)其与加拿大公司141 Limited
Partnership
关于XML专利侵权案。2009年12月22日的CAFC二审判决(
英文判决书全文)维持了地区法院的判决。

   
案情简介

   
原告141公司是一家软件咨询公司,1994年6月,该司向美国专利商标局(USPTO)递交了一个处理与存储电子文
件结构之信息的方法专利申请。大约4年后,USPTO核发了编号为5,787,449的美国专利。该专利的实质性技术方案为:通过自定义XML编辑器(custom
XML
editor
)将电子文件的结构与内容分离存储,使得用户可以单独地处理文件内容,或者文件的结构。XML,即“可扩展标记语言”(Extensible
Markup Language
),例见右图紫色部分
。而微软公司的WORD
2003和2007年却使用了该方法,遂引发本案争议。

   
案件评价

   1、在本案大多数的上诉请求中,微软似乎集中在一审程序方面,如法院对陪审团的指示、专家证人证言之充分性、损害赔偿额计算方法与依据等。而在原告专利的有效性(新颖性)、是否故意侵权等方面的质疑却显得有气无力。盖因原告专利的稳定性及微软知晓原告专利技术且具有以WORD
2003取而代之的主观意图。俺不得不佩服原告获取证据的能力,除了其向微软WORD开放团队演示包含该专利技术的软件,回答所提问题并提供该软件推广资料外,原告还提供了微软内部的电子邮件。这些内部电子邮件表明,原告还向其他微软员工发送了推广资料(其上明确标明了专利号),这些员工相信微软WORD中的自定义XML编辑器将使原告的相形见绌。因此,见到这些证据,俺也会毫不犹豫地得出微软具有侵权故意的结论。但纳闷的是,微软的WORD开发团队,特别是法务部门怎么就没有考虑侵权的风险呢?也许,微软目前的不服(自定义XML编辑器仅仅是WORD诸多新功能中的一个且并非所有用户均定制)可说明点问题,即即便被判侵权,损害赔偿额也不会太多,咱的钱多!

   
2、从判决书中,俺学到的知识之一是美国判例确定的计算专利许可使用费应考虑的因素。Georgia-Pacific
Corp. v. U.S. Plywood
Corp
.一案确定了15个因素。为防止误译,全文摘录如左:

(1)
royalties the patentee has received for licensing the patent to
others;

(2) rates
paid by the licensee for the use of comparable
patents;

(3) the
nature and scope of  the license (exclusive or
nonexclusive, restricted or non-

    
restricted by territory or product
type); 

(4) any
established policies or marketing programs by the licensor to
maintain its 

    
patent monopoly by not licensing others to use the
invention or granting
licenses 

   
under special conditions to maintain the
monopoly;

(5) the
commercial relationship between the licensor and licensee, such as
whether they 

     are
competitors;

(6) the
effect of selling the patented specialty in promoting sales of
other products of the

    
licensee;

(7) the
duration of the patent and license term;

(8) the
established profitability of the product made under the patent,
including its

    
commercial success and current popularity;

(9) the
utility and advantages of the patent property over old modes or
devices;

(10) the
nature of the patented invention and the benefits to those who have
used the

     
invention;

(11) the
extent to which the infringer has used the invention and the value
of that use; (12) the portion of profit or of the selling price
that may be customary in that particular

      
business to allow for use of the invention or analogous
inventions;

 (13)
the portion of the realizable profit that should be credited to the
invention as

      
opposed to its non-patented elements;

(14) the
opinion testimony of qualified experts;


and

(15) the
results of a hypothetical negotiation between the licensor and
licensee.

   
3、另学到的知识是故意侵权的“增加赔偿”(enhanced
damages
)。本来,一审陪审团认定的赔偿额为2亿美元。根据美国专利法第284条,如果被告是故意侵权,法院可以判决最高3倍于陪审团认定的赔偿数额的增加赔偿。而CAFC
Read Corp. v.
Portec, Inc., 970 F.2d 816 (Fed. Cir. 1992)
一案总结了美国法院在决定是否增加赔偿数额时应考虑的9个因素,即

(1) whether the infringer deliberately
copied the ideas or design of another.

(2) whether the
infringer, when he knew of the other’s patent protection,
investigated the

    
scope of the patent and formed a good-faith belief that it was
invalid or that it was

    
not infringed.

(3) the infringer's
behavior as a party to the
litigation. 

(4) Defendant's
size and financial condition. 

(5) Closeness of
the case.

(6) Duration of
defendant’s misconduct.

(7) Remedial action
by the defendant.

(8) Defendant’s
motivation for harm.

(9) Whether
defendant attempted to conceal its misconduct.


  
CAFC最终认可了一审判决的4000万美元的增加赔偿。

   
4、关于微软“全审”申请前途的预测。根据CAFC全部12位法官齐上阵的几率(1/3),微软成功获得重审的可能性为33%。如果再加上微软公司的地位及产业影响力,也很难突破50%,毕竟美国法官受案外因素左右的几率很小。

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