{"id":176681,"date":"2011-09-02T14:00:17","date_gmt":"2011-09-02T21:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/2011\/09\/%e9%83%ad%e6%97%ad-%e8%bd%ac%e8%bd%bd%e9%a9%b3%e6%9c%b1%e8%8b%8f%e5%8a%9b%e5%85%b3%e4%ba%8e%e6%89%80%e8%b0%93%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e6%b3%95%e6%b2%bb%e7%9a%84%e8%b0%ac%e8%ae%ba\/"},"modified":"2011-09-28T17:33:10","modified_gmt":"2011-09-29T00:33:10","slug":"%e9%83%ad%e6%97%ad-%e8%bd%ac%e8%bd%bd%e9%a9%b3%e6%9c%b1%e8%8b%8f%e5%8a%9b%e5%85%b3%e4%ba%8e%e6%89%80%e8%b0%93%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e6%b3%95%e6%b2%bb%e7%9a%84%e8%b0%ac%e8%ae%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/176681.html","title":{"rendered":"\u90ed\u65ed | [\u8f6c\u8f7d]\u9a73\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u5173\u4e8e\u6240\u8c13\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u8c2c\u8bba"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<div><span><strong>\u539f\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/strong><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.sina.com.cn\/s\/blog_6e7f0c1d0100mma5.html\" title=\"\u9a73\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u5173\u4e8e\u6240\u8c13\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u8c2c\u8bba\" target=\"_blank\">\u9a73\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u5173\u4e8e\u6240\u8c13\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u8c2c\u8bba<\/a><\/span><span><strong>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/strong><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.sina.com.cn\/u\/1853819933\" title=\"\u9b4f\u6c5d\u4e45\" target=\"_blank\">\u9b4f\u6c5d\u4e45<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><b>\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u6b63\u672c\u6e05\u6e90<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>\u2014\u2014\u8bc4\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u300b<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u25cf \u9f9a\u5203\u97e7\u00a0\u00a0 \u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br 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target=\"_blank\">\u4e09\u805a\u6c30\u80fa<\/a>\u5976\u7c89\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4f17\u591a\u53d7\u5bb3\u5a74\u513f\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u4eec\u96be\u4ee5\u53ca\u65f6\u5730\u5bfb\u6c42\u53f8\u6cd5\u8865\u6551\uff1b\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5c71\u897f\u6ce5\u77f3\u6d41\u7b49\u4eba\u4e3a\u56e0\u7d20\u9020\u6210\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4f24\u4ea1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u515a\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u8ffd\u7a76\u53f8\u6cd5\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u76f4\u9009\u98ce\u6ce2\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f8b\u5e08\u8fd8\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u6cbb\uff1b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8fd8\u6781\u4e0d\u5065\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br 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\/>\n\u7136\u800c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u6d88\u706d\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u540e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5c01\u5efa\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u30021215\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\uff08Magna<br 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\/>\n\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u826f\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u826f\u6cd5\u8fd8\u662f\u6076\u6cd5\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u8fd8\u662f\u538b\u5236\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u538b\u5236\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u66fe\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\uff08Recht\uff09\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3002\u800c\u538b\u5236\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u201c\u4e66\u62a5\u68c0\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\u6b63\u5982\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5343\u767e\u6b21\u5730\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08Gesetz\uff09\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u201d[45]\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ece\u7531\u5404\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u5f8b\u5e08\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08International Commission of<br \/>\nJurists\uff09\u76841955\u5e74\u300a\u96c5\u5178\u51b3\u8bae\u300b\u548c1959\u5e74\u300a\u5fb7\u91cc\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b[46]\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u6cdb\u7f8e\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u6cdb\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u5de5\u4f1a\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e8e2007\u5e74\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u6b63\u4e49\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\uff08the<br \/>\nWorld Justice<br \/>\nProject\uff09\u91cc\u627e\u5230\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c[47]\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c2002\u5e74\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u589e\u8fdb\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6743\u5c0f\u7ec4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5c31\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4f5c\u4e86\u660e\u786e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5229\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8981\u6c42\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4eba\u6743\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u804c\u80fd\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u5206\u6743\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6765\u5b9a\u671f\u91cd\u65b0\u8868\u8fbe\u3002[48]\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u7ea6\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5df2\u6279\u51c6\u76841966\u5e74\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u59d3\u201c\u793e\u201d\u59d3\u201c\u8d44\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5426\u5219\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u7b7e\u7f72\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u51c6\u5907\u6279\u51c6\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n2008\u5e742\u67082\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5efa\u8bbe\u300b\uff08\u767d\u76ae\u4e66\uff09\u4e5f\u660e\u786e\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u660e\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u51dd\u7ed3\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4e3a\u5404\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6240\u5411\u5f80\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u516b\u3001\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff08rule by law\uff09\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5417<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u6df7\u7528\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u65e2\u6709\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u6216\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\uff08rule by<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6cd5\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6216\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u5916\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u662f\u6709\u7740\u6839\u672c\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u7687\u6743\u81f3\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u8f85\u5f3c\u7687\u6743\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u5c42\u4e5f\u62e5\u6709\u4efb\u610f\u6b3a\u538b\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4ece\u65e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6743\u5229\u53ef\u8a00\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5148\u79e6\u65f6\u671f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u63d0\u5021\u201c\u4eba\u6cbb\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5fb7\u6cbb\u201d\u800c\u6beb\u65e0\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u5bb6\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u662f\u6307\u541b\u4e3b\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cbb\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002[49]\u5176\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5bb6\u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u8005\u97e9\u975e\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u66f4\u662f\u4e3a\u4e13\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4ee5\u4e25\u5211\u5cfb\u6cd5\u548c\u9634\u8c0b\u6743\u672f\u6765\u9a7e\u9a6d\u81e3\u6c11\u7684\u6cbb\u672f\u3002[50]\u97e9\u975e\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u97e9\u975e\u8fd8\u63d0\u5021\u6587\u5316\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u53cd\u667a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u718a\u5341\u529b\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u97e9\u975e\u4e4b\u8bf4\u7528\u4e8e\u5415\u653f\uff08\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u8d62\u653f\uff09\uff0c\u6d41\u6bd2\u751a\u8fdc\u201d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u79e6\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9042\u65e0\u5b66\u672f\u3001\u65e0\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u201d[51]\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e13\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u4e5f\u66fe\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u91cd\u89c6\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u83ab\u5982\u660e\u671d\u5f00\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u6731\u5143\u748b\u3002\u5434\u5143\u5e74\uff081367\u5e74\uff09\u6731\u5143\u748b\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e3b\u6301\u8d77\u8349\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff08\u540e\u6765\u7f16\u6210\u300a\u5927\u660e\u5f8b\u300b\uff09\u3002\u6731\u5143\u748b\u62c5\u5fe7\u5c0f\u6c11\u4e0d\u80fd\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u666e\u6cd5\uff0c\u547d\u5927\u7406\u537f\u53d6\u4e0e\u6c11\u95f4\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff0c\u7c7b\u805a\u6210\u7f16\uff0c\u901a\u4fd7\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u4e49\u5e76\u5411\u5404\u90e1\u53bf\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u540d\u66f0\u300a\u5f8b\u4ee4\u76f4\u89e3\u300b\u7684\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u6731\u5143\u748b\u8fd8\u591a\u6b21\u8868\u793a\u51e1\u6709\u5927\u6848\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u4eb2\u81ea\u5ba1\u8baf\u3002[52]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u660e\u671d\u5c31\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule<br \/>\nof<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u96c6\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u884c\u653f\u7b49\u5927\u6743\u4e8e\u4e00\u8eab\u7684\u660e\u671d\u7687\u5e1d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6743\u529b\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5316\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br 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\/>\n\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e2d\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u4f9d\u6cd5\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5211\u6cd5\uff09\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e0e\u5baa\u6cd5\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u6709\u7740\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e13\u5236\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u533a\u522b\u660e\u786e\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\uff1a\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fd\u738b\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u56fd\u738b\u3002[54]\u800c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u79e6\u6c49\u76f4\u81f3\u6e05\u672b\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u7687\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c[55]\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e5f\u66fe\u6709\u8fc7\u4e2a\u522b\u4eba\u58eb\u5982\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u7684\u9ec4\u5b97\u7fb2\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u6279\u5224\uff0c[56]\u4f46\u4ece\u672a\u6709\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u82f1\u683c\u51701215\u5e74\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\uff08Magna<br \/>\nCarta\uff09\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u9650\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u5927\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5148\u79e6\u65f6\u671f\u6cd5\u5bb6\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u541b\u4e3b\u65bd\u653f\u800c\u6291\u5236\u8d35\u65cf\u4e4b\u4e13\u6a2a\uff0c[57]\u82f1\u683c\u51701215\u5e74\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u5219\u662f\u5c01\u5efa\u8d35\u65cf\u6291\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5bb6\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6cbb\uff08\u5fb7\u6cbb\u3001\u793c\u6cbb\uff09\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule<br \/>\nof<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u539f\u5219\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4eba\u6cbb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u7269\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u7269\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u59cb\u7ec8\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u4e13\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624b\u6bb5\u6cbb\u7406\u6216\u7edf\u6cbb\u81e3\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u5148\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule<br \/>\nof<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u539f\u5219\u5374\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e76\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u768419\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u8bad\u4e5f\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\uff08Regierung<br \/>\nnach Gesetzen\uff09\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6709\u7740\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff08rule by law\uff09\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u3001\u4eba\u6743\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u571f\u751f\u571f\u957f\u800c\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u4ece\u56fd\u5916\u4f20\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6b63\u5982\u9c81\u8fc5\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6bcf\u4e00\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u65b0\u5b66\u672f\uff0c\u65b0\u540d\u8bcd\u4f20\u4eba\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4fbf\u5982\u843d\u5728\u9ed1\u8272\u67d3\u7f38\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u4e4c\u9ed1\u4e00\u56e2\uff0c\u5316\u4e3a\u6d4e\u79c1\u52a9\u7130\u4e4b\u5177\u3002\u201d[58]\u5e76\u975e\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u674e\u614e\u4e4b\u4e5f\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u2018\u6c11\u4e3b\u2019\u4e00\u8f9e\uff0c\u660e\u660e\u662f\u5916\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u2018\u4e3a\u6c11\u505a\u4e3b\u2019\uff0c\u4e5f\u660e\u660e\u662frule<br \/>\nof law\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u8fc7\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u2018\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u2019\u7684\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86rule by<br \/>\nlaw\u4e86\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u60f0\u6027\u6216\u60ef\u6027\u7b80\u76f4\u662f\u653b\u65e0\u4e0d\u514b\uff0c\u6218\u65e0\u4e0d\u80dc\u3002\u201d[59]\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff08rule by<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u533a\u522b\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u987a\u4fbf\u63d0\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e38\u7528\u8bcd\u6c47\u5982\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e5f\u6709\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u4e00\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u53e4\u4eca\u542b\u4e49\u5728\u6027\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u8f9e\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u662f\u6307\u201c\u6743\u52bf\u53ca\u8d27\u8d22\u201d\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7528\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u540c\u65e5\u800c\u8bed\u3002\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u662f\u6307\u541b\u4e3b\u201c\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cbb\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u5373\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff08rule<br \/>\nby law\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u5c01\u5efa\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u6743\u529b\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\u542b\u4e49\u4e5f\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53rule of<br \/>\nlaw\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4f20\u4eba\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4ecd\u6cbf\u7528\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u7ffb\u8bd1\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u53e6\u9020\u65b0\u8bcd\u6c47\u3002[60]\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6587\u5316\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u5f15\u674e\u614e\u4e4b\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u4f20\u4eba\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule<br \/>\nof law\uff09\u4e5f\u8715\u53d8\u4e3a\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff08rule by<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u4e86\u3002\u96be\u602a\u81f3\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u5728\u8bae\u8bba\u6cd5\u6cbb\u65f6\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u7528\u8bed\u53ca\u5176\u542b\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3002[61]\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u4eca\u540e\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u50cf\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u5229\u4e00\u8bcd\u90a3\u6837\u4f7f\u7528\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002[62]\n<p>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u4e5d\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\u7684\u201c\u672c\u571f\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\u5417<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br 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\/>\n\u5018\u82e5\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3a\u51cf\u5c11\u201c\u4ea4\u6613\u8d39\u7528\u201d\u800c\u63d0\u5021\u5229\u7528\u4e2d\u56fd\uff08\u975e\u53f8\u6cd5\u8bc9\u8bbc\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\uff09\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u51b3\u90bb\u91cc\u4e4b\u95f4\u201c\u79c1\u6743\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u5c31\u53c8\u5f53\u522b\u8bba\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u672c\u571f\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\u660e\u786e\u51a0\u4ee5\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5177\u4f53\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u3002\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u4e3a\u542b\u6df7\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5174\u8d77\u4ee5\u53ca19\u4e16\u7eaa\u5fb7\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5c31\u628a\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u6df7\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u6cd5\u5236\u201d\u3002\u629b\u5f00\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7528\u8bed\u4e0a\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u4e0d\u8bb2\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u4ec5\u4ece\u6cd5\u5236\u6216\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff08rule<br \/>\nby law\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u6216\u201c\u672c\u571f\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f02\u8bae\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of<br \/>\nlaw\uff09\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u679c\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u4ece\u4e0e\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u63d0\u5021\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u672c\u571f\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\u5c31\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5386\u53f2\u6839\u636e\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br 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\/>\n\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53ca\u5176\u672c\u571f\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\u4e0e\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cd5\u59d4\u7814\u8ba8\u73ed\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8054\u7cfb\u5462\uff1f\u6240\u8c13\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53ca\u5176\u672c\u571f\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\u5230\u5e95\u5e94\u8be5\u59d3\u201c\u793e\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u59d3\u201c\u8d44\u201d\u5462\uff1f\u5df2\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4ece\u6765\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc7\u9650\u5236\u7687\u6743\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule<br \/>\nof<br 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\/>\n[6]\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5b98\u672c\u4f4d\u6216\u201c\u5b98\u5b66\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u8272\u5f69\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6d53\u539a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u53ca\u5b98\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u884c\u653f\u9886\u5bfc\u804c\u52a1\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7ed9\u4e16\u4eba\u201c\u5168\u80fd\u201d\u578b\u5b66\u754c\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u5185\u5404\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u9662\u957f\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u6559\u6388\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u534f\u8c03\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u6d41\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u52df\u6350\u7b79\u6b3e\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u670d\u52a1\u7cbe\u795e\u7b49\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u9662\u90fd\u672a\u8bbe\u7acb\u6709\u804c\u6709\u6743\u7684\u6559\u6388\u4f1a\uff0c\u9662\u957f\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u6559\u6388\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u4ec5\u6b64\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u4e0a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u6d41\u5927\u5b66\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [7]Select<br \/>\nDocuments of English Constitutional History\uff0cEdited by G\uff0eB\uff0eAdams and<br \/>\nH\uff0eR\uff0eStephens\uff0cLondon\uff1aMacmillan \uff06 Co\uff0e\uff0cLtd\uff0e\uff0c1910\uff0ePP\uff0e42\u201452\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[8]F\uff0eW\uff0eMaitland\uff0cThe Constitutional History of England\uff0cEdited by<br \/>\nH\uff0eA\uff0eL\uff0eFisher\uff0cCambridge\uff1aCambridge University Press\uff0c1908\uff0cP\uff0e15\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[9]W\uff0eHoldsworth\uff0cAHistory of English Law\uff0cVol\uff0e2\uff0c4th<br \/>\nEdition\uff0cLondon\uff1aMethuen \uff06 Co\uff0eLtd\uff0e\uff0c1936\uff0cp\uff0e216\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[10]Select Documents of English Constitutional<br \/>\nHistory\uff0cop\uff0ecit\uff0e\uff0cp\uff0e479\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [11]Car<br \/>\nJ\uff0eFriedrich\uff0cLimited Government\uff1aA Comparison\uff0cEnglewood<br \/>\nCliffs\uff1aPrentice\u2014Hall\uff0cInc\uff0e\uff0c1974\uff0cP\uff0e123\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[12]\uff08\u82f1\uff09\u5e03\u84dd\u8fbe\u00b7\u62c9\u5c14\u592b\u00b7\u8def\u6613\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u8363\u4e88\u3001\u65b9\u529b\u7ef4\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c79\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[13]J\uff0e\u2014J\uff0eRousseau\uff0cDu contrat social\uff1aou\uff0cprincipes du droit<br \/>\npolitique\uff081762\uff09\uff0cParis\uff1aEditions Gamier Freres\uff0c1962\uff0cPP\uff0e246\u2014247\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [14]Jean<br \/>\nRivero\uff0cLes droits del\u2019homme\uff0cParis\uff1aPresses universitaires de<br \/>\nFrance\uff0c1978\uff0cp\uff0e48\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[15]J\uff0e\u2014J\uff0eRousseau\uff0cop\uff0ecit\uff0e\uff0cPP\uff0e252\u2014253\uff1b260\u2014263\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[16]\uff08\u6cd5\uff09\u7231\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\uff1a\u300a\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u4e0e\u5362\u68ad\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u9c81\u5b81\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c105\uff5e108\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[17]\u5728\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u5e87\u5c14\u5f53\u653f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u5949\u7940\u5165\u5148\u8d24\u7960\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u5e87\u5c14\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u541b\u4e3b\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4ed6\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u3002\uff08\u82f1\uff09\u963f\u514b\u987f\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u8bb2\u7a3f\u300b\uff0c\u79cb\u98ce\u8bd1\uff0c\u8d35\u5dde\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c308\uff5e309\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br 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\/>\nRule of Law\uff1aPolitical Theory and the Legal System in\uff0eModern<br \/>\nSociety\uff0cLeamington<br \/>\nSpa\uff1bDover\uff0cNH\uff0e\uff1aBerg\uff0c1986\uff0cpp\uff0e260\u2014262\uff0e\uff08\u5fb7\uff09\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u827e\u5229\u5e0c\u00b7\u535a\u6069\u7b49\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u7b2c3\u5377\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u5f20\u683d\u6768\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861991\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c279\u2014283\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[21]\uff08\u7f8e\uff09J\u00b7w\u00b7\u6c64\u666e\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0b\u5377\u7b2c\u4e09\u5206\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u5b59\u79c9\u83b9\u3001\u8c22\u5fb7\u98ce\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c180\u2014188\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[22]\u9ece\u56db\u5947\uff1a\u300a\u5bf9\u8428\u7ef4\u5c3c\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[23]\uff08\u5fb7\uff09\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u00b7\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\uff1a\u4e00\u90e8\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u8427\u97f6\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u8bd1\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c22\u201447\u9875\uff1b\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u00b7\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u94b1\u5764\u8bd1\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c104\u2014132\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[24]\uff08\u7f8e\uff09\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u590f\u4f0a\u52d2\uff1a\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u4ea1\u2014\u2014\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u8463\u4e50\u5c71\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e1979\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c141\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[25]Ernst\u2014Wolfgang B\uff1fckenf\uff1f\uff0erde\uff0cRecht\uff0cStaat\uff0cFreiheit\uff1aStudien zur<br \/>\nRechtsphilosophie\uff0cStaatstheorie und Verfassungsgeschichte\uff0cFrankfurt<br \/>\nam Main\uff1aSuhrkamp\uff0c1991\uff0cpp\uff0e149\u2014150\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[26]Ibid\uff0e\uff0c153\uff1b\u53c8\u53c2\u89c1\u90d1\u6c38\u6d41\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56db\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c103\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[27]\u540c\u524d\u6ce8[26]\uff0c\u90d1\u6c38\u6d41\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c130\uff5e146\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[28]\uff08\u82f1\uff09\u6d1b\u514b\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u4e0b\u7bc7\uff09\uff0c\u53f6\u542f\u82b3\u3001\u77bf\u83ca\u519c\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861964\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c5\uff5e6\u300159\u201461\u300177\uff5e80\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[29]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u670918\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u6216\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u4fdd\u969c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u957f\u671f\u504f\u91cd\u4fdd\u969c\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5373\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3001\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3001\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u65f6\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u9f9a\u5203\u97e7\uff1a\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u82e5\u5e72\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b1997\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [30]Karl<br \/>\nMarx\/Friedrich Engels<br \/>\nGesamtausgabe\uff08MEGA\uff09\uff08Berlin\uff1aDietz\uff0c1975\uff09\uff0cBd\uff0eI\uff0cp\uff0e154\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[31]\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6559\u7814\u5ba4\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u6cd5\u6218\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u53f3\u6d3e\u8a00\u8bba\u6c47\u96c6\u300b\uff081957\u5e7412\u6708\u5370\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c228\uff5e268\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[32]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1957\u5e745\u67089\u65e5\u8457\u540d\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u6768\u5146\u9f99\u5728\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u6211\u56fd\u91cd\u8981\u6cd5\u5178\u4f55\u4ee5\u8fdf\u8fdf\u8fd8\u4e0d\u9881\u5e03\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u800c\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u53f3\u6d3e\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u6c11\u5ead\u5ead\u957f\u4f55\u6d4e\u7fd4\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\u4e0a\u56e0\u8d5e\u6210\u6768\u5146\u9f99\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4e5f\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u53f3\u6d3e\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u4f55\u6d4e\u7fd4\uff1a\u300a\u6caa\u4e0a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u68a6\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5341\u6708\u6587\u827a\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c6\u201423\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[33]\u6731\u6b63\uff1a\u300a1957\u5e74\u7684\u590f\u5b63\uff1a\u4ece\u767e\u5bb6\u4e89\u9e23\u5230\u4e24\u5bb6\u4e89\u9e23\u300b\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c490\uff5e493\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[34]\u6768\u4e00\u51e1\u3001\u9648\u5bd2\u67ab\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c780\uff5e782\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[35]\u540c\u4e0a\u6ce8\uff0c\u7b2c787\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[36]\u738b\u56fd\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u5931\u5730\u519c\u6c11\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u201c\u5e8f\u8a00\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u7b2c1\u9875\u3002\u8be5\u5e8f\u8a00\u7531\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u519c\u6751\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u97e9\u4fca\u6240\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[37]\u5982\u201c\u73b0\u6709\u571f\u5730\u627f\u5305\u5173\u7cfb\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u5e76\u957f\u4e45\u4e0d\u53d8\u201d\uff1b\u571f\u5730\u627f\u5305\u7ecf\u8425\u6743\u6d41\u8f6c\u201c\u4e0d\u5f97\u635f\u5bb3\u519c\u6c11\u571f\u5730\u627f\u5305\u6743\u76ca\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u5f81\u6536\u519c\u6751\u96c6\u4f53\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u540c\u5730\u540c\u4ef7\u539f\u5219\u53ca\u65f6\u8db3\u989d\u7ed9\u519c\u6751\u96c6\u4f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u5408\u7406\u8865\u507f\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u597d\u88ab\u5f81\u5730\u519c\u6c11\u5c31\u4e1a\u3001\u4f4f\u623f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[38]\u738b\u5143\u5316\uff1a\u300a\u6c89\u601d\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u8f9e\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c40\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[39]\u8fd9\u662f\u9093\u5c0f\u5e731985\u5e7410\u670823\u65e5\u4f1a\u89c1\u7f8e\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u516c\u53f8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u65f6\u5bf9\u63d0\u95ee\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u539f\u8bdd\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u201c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u516c\u6709\u5236\u5360\u4e3b\u4f53\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4e24\u7ea7\u5206\u5316\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5bcc\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e26\u52a8\u548c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5176\u5b83\u5730\u533a\u3001\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u9010\u6b65\u8fbe\u5230\u5171\u540c\u5bcc\u88d5\u3002\u201d\u300a\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u6587\u9009\u300b\uff08\u7b2c3\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1993\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c149\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[40]\u540c\u524d\u6ce8[38]\uff0c\u7b2c291\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[41]\u82cf\u57f9\u79d1\uff1a\u300a\u5e73\u51c6\u57fa\u91d1\u672a\u5fc5\u6551\u5f97\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u80a1\u5e02\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65f6\u62a5\u300b2008\u5e7411\u670811\u65e5\uff1b\u4efb\u6d2a\u5251\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u5c0f\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u538b\u529b\u8fd8\u672a\u6765\u4e34\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u8bc1\u5238\u5e02\u573a\u7ea2\u5468\u520a\u300b2008\u5e749\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u5f15\u81eahttp\uff1a\/\/stock\uff0ehexun\uff0ecom\/2008\u201409\u201413\/108831123\uff0ehtml\uff0c2008\u5e7410\u67085\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[42]http\uff1a\/\/www\uff0etransparency international\uff0eorg\/publications\/annual<br \/>\nreport<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[43]\u5468\u6709\u5149\uff1a\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u8f68\u9053\u300b\uff0chttp\uff1a\/\/www\uff0echinaelections\uff0eorg\/NewsInfo\uff0easp\uff1fNewsID=130977\uff0c2008\u5e747\u670812\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[44]\u6731\u82cf\u529b\u4ee5\u201c\u5c45\u6e2f\u6743\u201d\u4e3a\u4f8b\u8c08\u6240\u8c13\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ea\u80fd\u66f4\u5f15\u8d77\u9999\u6e2f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u7684\u53cd\u611f\u548c\u4e0d\u6109\u5feb\u56de\u5fc6\u30021999\u5e741\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u7ec8\u5ba1\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u201c\u660a\u5609\u73b2\u8bc9\u5165\u5883\u4e8b\u52a1\u5904\u5904\u957f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u9648\u96c5\u9526\u8bc9\u5165\u5883\u5904\u5904\u957f\u201d\u4e24\u6848\u7ec8\u5c40\u88c1\u51b3\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300a\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c22\u6761\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u672c\u610f\u662f\u5bb9\u8bb8\u5c45\u6e2f\u672a\u6ee17\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u5185\u5730\u6240\u751f\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u4eab\u6709\u5c45\u6e2f\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9999\u6e2f\u4eba\u6240\u751f\u5b50\u5973\u90fd\u4eab\u6709\u5c45\u6e2f\u6743\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5a5a\u751f\u6216\u975e\u5a5a\u751f\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u751f\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u540c\u5e746\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u62c5\u5fc3\u4eba\u53e3\u538b\u529b\u8fc7\u5927\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u7279\u533a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u5bf9\u300a\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c22\u6761\u4f5c\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9999\u6e2f\u4eba\u5728\u5185\u5730\u6240\u751f\u5a5a\u751f\u5b50\u5973\u624d\u4eab\u6709\u5c45\u6e2f\u6743\uff0c\u975e\u5a5a\u751f\u5b50\u5973\u53ca\u51fa\u751f\u65f6\u7236\u6216\u6bcd\u4ecd\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u9999\u6e2f\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u5c45\u6e2f\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u57fa\u672c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u9999\u6e2f\u7ec8\u5ba1\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u906d\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fdd\u53cd\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u62c5\u5fe7\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53d7\u5230\u52a8\u6447\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [45]Karl<br \/>\nMarx\/Friedrich Engels<br \/>\nGesmntausgabe\uff08MEGA\uff09\uff08Berlin\uff1aDietz\uff0c1975\uff09\uff0cBd\uff0eI\uff0cP\uff0e150\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [46]The<br \/>\nRule of Law in a Free Society\uff1aA Report on the International<br \/>\nCongress of Jurists\uff0cGeneva\uff1aInternational Commission of<br \/>\nJurists\u30021959\uff0cpp\uff0e2\u201414\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [47]The<br \/>\nWorld Justice Project\uff0chttp\uff1a\/\/www\uff0eabner\uff0eorg\/wjp\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [48]38<br \/>\nE\/CN\uff0e4\/Sub\uff0e2\/2002\/36\uff0c6\uff0cpara\uff0e22\uff0e<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br 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\/>\nlaw\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u6cd5\u4e4b\u652f\u914d\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\uff08\u65e5\uff09\u4f0a\u85e4\u6b63\u5df1\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u306e\u652f\u914d\u300b\uff0c\u6709\u6590\u96011954\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c29\uff5e30\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n[61]\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u65f6\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u548c\u7528\u610f\u3002\u4ece\u5b98\u65b9\u53ca\u5176\u5a92\u4f53\u5230\u4e0d\u5c11\u5b66\u8005\u4ecd\u7528\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u7528\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule<br \/>\nof 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Carta\uff09\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u5386\u53f2\u6e0a\u6e90\u3002[7]\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u5c01\u5efa\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u53ca\u6559\u58eb\u5f3a\u8feb\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u7ea6\u7ff0\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u8ba4\u5c01\u5efa\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u56fd\u738b\u5c01\u81e3\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u5951\u7ea6\u6027\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u9996\u6b21\u660e\u6587\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u56fd\u738b\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5e76\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6885\u7279\u5170\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u53cd\u53db\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u4fee\u6539\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u9075\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5e94\u7531\u56fd\u738b\u6765\u9075\u5b88\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u5982\u6b64\u957f\u3001\u8be6\u7ec6\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff08reign of law\uff09\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d[8]\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u970d\u5c14\u5179\u6c83\u65af\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u82f1\u738b\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u9650\u5236\u6743\u529b\u6761\u6b3e\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7528\u8bed\u51c6\u786e\u8868\u8fbe\u7acb\u5baa\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u3002[9]\u5c3d\u7ba1\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7acb\u5373\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u786e\u7acb\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u57281688\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u540e\u5f97\u5230\u786e\u7acb\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u786e\u7acb\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1701\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u300a\u738b\u4f4d\u7ee7\u627f\u6cd5\u300b\uff08The Act of Settlement\uff09\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e24\u9662\u5448\u6587\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5b98\u624d\u80fd\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u88ab\u7f62\u514d\u3002[10]\u8fd9\u5c31\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5b98\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u539f\u5219\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u539f\u5219\u7684\u786e\u7acb\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6216\u7acb\u5baa\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u3002[11] \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ece\u7531\u5404\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u5f8b\u5e08\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08International Commission of Jurists\uff09\u76841955\u5e74\u300a\u96c5\u5178\u51b3\u8bae\u300b\u548c1959\u5e74\u300a\u5fb7\u91cc\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b[46]\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u6cdb\u7f8e\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u6cdb\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u5de5\u4f1a\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e8e2007\u5e74\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u6b63\u4e49\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\uff08the World Justice Project\uff09\u91cc\u627e\u5230\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c[47]\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c2002\u5e74\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u589e\u8fdb\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6743\u5c0f\u7ec4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5c31\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4f5c\u4e86\u660e\u786e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5229\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8981\u6c42\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4eba\u6743\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u804c\u80fd\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u5206\u6743\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6765\u5b9a\u671f\u91cd\u65b0\u8868\u8fbe\u3002[48]\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u7ea6\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5df2\u6279\u51c6\u76841966\u5e74\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u59d3\u201c\u793e\u201d\u59d3\u201c\u8d44\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5426\u5219\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u7b7e\u7f72\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u51c6\u5907\u6279\u51c6\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u5462\uff1f 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by law\uff09\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6cd5\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6216\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u5916\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u662f\u6709\u7740\u6839\u672c\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 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law\uff09\u6709\u7740\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e13\u5236\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u533a\u522b\u660e\u786e\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\uff1a\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fd\u738b\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u56fd\u738b\u3002[54]\u800c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u79e6\u6c49\u76f4\u81f3\u6e05\u672b\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u7687\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c[55]\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e5f\u66fe\u6709\u8fc7\u4e2a\u522b\u4eba\u58eb\u5982\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u7684\u9ec4\u5b97\u7fb2\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u6279\u5224\uff0c[56]\u4f46\u4ece\u672a\u6709\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u82f1\u683c\u51701215\u5e74\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\uff08Magna Carta\uff09\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u9650\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u5927\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5148\u79e6\u65f6\u671f\u6cd5\u5bb6\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u541b\u4e3b\u65bd\u653f\u800c\u6291\u5236\u8d35\u65cf\u4e4b\u4e13\u6a2a\uff0c[57]\u82f1\u683c\u51701215\u5e74\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u5219\u662f\u5c01\u5efa\u8d35\u65cf\u6291\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5bb6\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6cbb\uff08\u5fb7\u6cbb\u3001\u793c\u6cbb\uff09\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\u539f\u5219\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4eba\u6cbb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u7269\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u7269\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u59cb\u7ec8\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u4e13\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624b\u6bb5\u6cbb\u7406\u6216\u7edf\u6cbb\u81e3\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u5148\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\u539f\u5219\u5374\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e76\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u768419\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u8bad\u4e5f\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\uff08Regierung nach 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law\uff09\u3001\u4eba\u6743\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u571f\u751f\u571f\u957f\u800c\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u4ece\u56fd\u5916\u4f20\u8fdb\u6765\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6b63\u5982\u9c81\u8fc5\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6bcf\u4e00\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u65b0\u5b66\u672f\uff0c\u65b0\u540d\u8bcd\u4f20\u4eba\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4fbf\u5982\u843d\u5728\u9ed1\u8272\u67d3\u7f38\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u4e4c\u9ed1\u4e00\u56e2\uff0c\u5316\u4e3a\u6d4e\u79c1\u52a9\u7130\u4e4b\u5177\u3002\u201d[58]\u5e76\u975e\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u674e\u614e\u4e4b\u4e5f\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u2018\u6c11\u4e3b\u2019\u4e00\u8f9e\uff0c\u660e\u660e\u662f\u5916\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u2018\u4e3a\u6c11\u505a\u4e3b\u2019\uff0c\u4e5f\u660e\u660e\u662frule of law\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u8fc7\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u2018\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u2019\u7684\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86rule by law\u4e86\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u60f0\u6027\u6216\u60ef\u6027\u7b80\u76f4\u662f\u653b\u65e0\u4e0d\u514b\uff0c\u6218\u65e0\u4e0d\u80dc\u3002\u201d[59]\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff08rule by law\uff09\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u533a\u522b\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 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[3]\u300a\u771f\u76f8\u6bd4\u8363\u8a89\u66f4\u73cd\u8d35\u2014\u2014\u6797\u5f3a\u8bbf\u8c08\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u5468\u672b\u300b2008\u5e745\u670831\u65e5\u3002\u81f3\u4eca\u5c1a\u672a\u89c1\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\u6709\u5173\u5bb6\u957f\u5bfb\u6c42\u53f8\u6cd5\u8865\u6551\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [4]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u65e9\u5df2\u7b7e\u7f72\u76841966\u5e74\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c14\u67613\u6b3e\uff08\u620a\uff09\u9879\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u5bf9\u53d7\u5230\u5211\u4e8b\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u4eba\u201c\u8baf\u95ee\u6216\u4e1a\u5df2\u8baf\u95ee\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u3002\u5e76\u4f7f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6709\u5229\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u5728\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u51fa\u5ead\u548c\u53d7\u8baf\u95ee\u3002\u201d\u53c8\u5982\uff0c2006\u5e74\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u300a\u4fdd\u62a4\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u906d\u53d7\u5f3a\u8feb\u5931\u8e2a\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c2\u6761\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u2018\u5f3a\u8feb\u5931\u8e2a\u2019\u7cfb\u6307\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u5f97\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u6388\u6743\u3001\u652f\u6301\u6216\u9ed8\u8bb8\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0e\u5b9e\u65bd\u902e\u6355\u3001\u7f81\u62bc\u3001\u7ed1\u67b6\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u5265\u593a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u62d2\u7edd\u627f\u8ba4\u5265\u593a\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5b9e\u60c5\uff0c\u9690\u7792\u5931\u8e2a\u8005\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u6216\u4e0b\u843d\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u5931\u8e2a\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u201d 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[6]\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5b98\u672c\u4f4d\u6216\u201c\u5b98\u5b66\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u8272\u5f69\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6d53\u539a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u53ca\u5b98\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u884c\u653f\u9886\u5bfc\u804c\u52a1\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7ed9\u4e16\u4eba\u201c\u5168\u80fd\u201d\u578b\u5b66\u754c\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u5185\u5404\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u9662\u957f\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u6559\u6388\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u534f\u8c03\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u6d41\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u52df\u6350\u7b79\u6b3e\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u670d\u52a1\u7cbe\u795e\u7b49\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u9662\u90fd\u672a\u8bbe\u7acb\u6709\u804c\u6709\u6743\u7684\u6559\u6388\u4f1a\uff0c\u9662\u957f\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u6559\u6388\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u4ec5\u6b64\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u4e0a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u6d41\u5927\u5b66\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8def\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [7]Select Documents of English Constitutional History\uff0cEdited by G\uff0eB\uff0eAdams and H\uff0eR\uff0eStephens\uff0cLondon\uff1aMacmillan \uff06 Co\uff0e\uff0cLtd\uff0e\uff0c1910\uff0ePP\uff0e42\u201452\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [8]F\uff0eW\uff0eMaitland\uff0cThe Constitutional History of England\uff0cEdited by H\uff0eA\uff0eL\uff0eFisher\uff0cCambridge\uff1aCambridge University Press\uff0c1908\uff0cP\uff0e15\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [9]W\uff0eHoldsworth\uff0cAHistory of English Law\uff0cVol\uff0e2\uff0c4th Edition\uff0cLondon\uff1aMethuen \uff06 Co\uff0eLtd\uff0e\uff0c1936\uff0cp\uff0e216\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [10]Select Documents of English Constitutional History\uff0cop\uff0ecit\uff0e\uff0cp\uff0e479\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [11]Car J\uff0eFriedrich\uff0cLimited Government\uff1aA Comparison\uff0cEnglewood Cliffs\uff1aPrentice\u2014Hall\uff0cInc\uff0e\uff0c1974\uff0cP\uff0e123\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [12]\uff08\u82f1\uff09\u5e03\u84dd\u8fbe\u00b7\u62c9\u5c14\u592b\u00b7\u8def\u6613\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u8363\u4e88\u3001\u65b9\u529b\u7ef4\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c79\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [13]J\uff0e\u2014J\uff0eRousseau\uff0cDu contrat social\uff1aou\uff0cprincipes du droit politique\uff081762\uff09\uff0cParis\uff1aEditions Gamier Freres\uff0c1962\uff0cPP\uff0e246\u2014247\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [14]Jean Rivero\uff0cLes droits del\u2019homme\uff0cParis\uff1aPresses universitaires de France\uff0c1978\uff0cp\uff0e48\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [15]J\uff0e\u2014J\uff0eRousseau\uff0cop\uff0ecit\uff0e\uff0cPP\uff0e252\u2014253\uff1b260\u2014263\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [16]\uff08\u6cd5\uff09\u7231\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\uff1a\u300a\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u4e0e\u5362\u68ad\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u9c81\u5b81\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c105\uff5e108\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [17]\u5728\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u5e87\u5c14\u5f53\u653f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u5949\u7940\u5165\u5148\u8d24\u7960\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u5e87\u5c14\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u541b\u4e3b\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4ed6\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u3002\uff08\u82f1\uff09\u963f\u514b\u987f\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u8bb2\u7a3f\u300b\uff0c\u79cb\u98ce\u8bd1\uff0c\u8d35\u5dde\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c308\uff5e309\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [18]\uff08\u6cd5\uff09\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u6bd4\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u9769\u547d\u6cd5\u5236\u4e0e\u5ba1\u5224\u300b\uff0c\u8d75\u6db5\u8206\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861965\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c176\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [19]\uff08\u82f1\uff09\u7f57\u7d20\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0b\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u9a6c\u5143\u5fb7\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861976\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c225\u9875\u3002[20]\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u5fb7\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ecd\u7136\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u524d\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u3001\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u6765\u62c5\u4efb\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u7279\u522b\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5019\u8865\u6cd5\u5b98\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u88ab\u89e3\u96c7\u6216\u8c03\u79bb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e0a\u7ea7\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u5584\u610f\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b98\u53ea\u662f\u5de5\u8d44\u5f88\u4f4e\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u3002F\uff0eNeumann\uff0cThe Rule of Law\uff1aPolitical Theory and the Legal System in\uff0eModern Society\uff0cLeamington Spa\uff1bDover\uff0cNH\uff0e\uff1aBerg\uff0c1986\uff0cpp\uff0e260\u2014262\uff0e\uff08\u5fb7\uff09\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u827e\u5229\u5e0c\u00b7\u535a\u6069\u7b49\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u7b2c3\u5377\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u5f20\u683d\u6768\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861991\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c279\u2014283\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [21]\uff08\u7f8e\uff09J\u00b7w\u00b7\u6c64\u666e\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0b\u5377\u7b2c\u4e09\u5206\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u5b59\u79c9\u83b9\u3001\u8c22\u5fb7\u98ce\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c180\u2014188\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [22]\u9ece\u56db\u5947\uff1a\u300a\u5bf9\u8428\u7ef4\u5c3c\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [23]\uff08\u5fb7\uff09\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u00b7\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\uff1a\u4e00\u90e8\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u8427\u97f6\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u8bd1\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c22\u201447\u9875\uff1b\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u00b7\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u94b1\u5764\u8bd1\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c104\u2014132\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [24]\uff08\u7f8e\uff09\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u590f\u4f0a\u52d2\uff1a\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u4ea1\u2014\u2014\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u8463\u4e50\u5c71\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e1979\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c141\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [25]Ernst\u2014Wolfgang B\uff1fckenf\uff1f\uff0erde\uff0cRecht\uff0cStaat\uff0cFreiheit\uff1aStudien zur Rechtsphilosophie\uff0cStaatstheorie und Verfassungsgeschichte\uff0cFrankfurt am Main\uff1aSuhrkamp\uff0c1991\uff0cpp\uff0e149\u2014150\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [26]Ibid\uff0e\uff0c153\uff1b\u53c8\u53c2\u89c1\u90d1\u6c38\u6d41\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56db\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c103\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [27]\u540c\u524d\u6ce8[26]\uff0c\u90d1\u6c38\u6d41\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c130\uff5e146\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [28]\uff08\u82f1\uff09\u6d1b\u514b\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u4e0b\u7bc7\uff09\uff0c\u53f6\u542f\u82b3\u3001\u77bf\u83ca\u519c\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861964\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c5\uff5e6\u300159\u201461\u300177\uff5e80\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [29]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u670918\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u6216\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u4fdd\u969c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u957f\u671f\u504f\u91cd\u4fdd\u969c\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5373\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3001\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3001\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u65f6\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u9f9a\u5203\u97e7\uff1a\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u82e5\u5e72\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b1997\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [30]Karl Marx\/Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe\uff08MEGA\uff09\uff08Berlin\uff1aDietz\uff0c1975\uff09\uff0cBd\uff0eI\uff0cp\uff0e154\uff0e \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [31]\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6559\u7814\u5ba4\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u6cd5\u6218\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u53f3\u6d3e\u8a00\u8bba\u6c47\u96c6\u300b\uff081957\u5e7412\u6708\u5370\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c228\uff5e268\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [32]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1957\u5e745\u67089\u65e5\u8457\u540d\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u6768\u5146\u9f99\u5728\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u6211\u56fd\u91cd\u8981\u6cd5\u5178\u4f55\u4ee5\u8fdf\u8fdf\u8fd8\u4e0d\u9881\u5e03\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u800c\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u53f3\u6d3e\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u6c11\u5ead\u5ead\u957f\u4f55\u6d4e\u7fd4\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\u4e0a\u56e0\u8d5e\u6210\u6768\u5146\u9f99\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4e5f\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u53f3\u6d3e\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u4f55\u6d4e\u7fd4\uff1a\u300a\u6caa\u4e0a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u68a6\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5341\u6708\u6587\u827a\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c6\u201423\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [33]\u6731\u6b63\uff1a\u300a1957\u5e74\u7684\u590f\u5b63\uff1a\u4ece\u767e\u5bb6\u4e89\u9e23\u5230\u4e24\u5bb6\u4e89\u9e23\u300b\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c490\uff5e493\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [34]\u6768\u4e00\u51e1\u3001\u9648\u5bd2\u67ab\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c780\uff5e782\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [35]\u540c\u4e0a\u6ce8\uff0c\u7b2c787\u9875\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [36]\u738b\u56fd\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u5931\u5730\u519c\u6c11\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u201c\u5e8f\u8a00\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u7b2c1\u9875\u3002\u8be5\u5e8f\u8a00\u7531\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u519c\u6751\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u97e9\u4fca\u6240\u5199\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 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