{"id":188056,"date":"2011-10-11T18:30:07","date_gmt":"2011-10-12T01:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/2011\/10\/%e9%9f%a6%e6%a3%ae-%e9%87%8d%e8%af%bb%e5%93%88%e8%80%b6%e5%85%8b%e4%b9%8b%e5%85%ad\/"},"modified":"2013-11-18T23:01:35","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T07:01:35","slug":"%e9%9f%a6%e6%a3%ae-%e9%87%8d%e8%af%bb%e5%93%88%e8%80%b6%e5%85%8b%e4%b9%8b%e5%85%ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/188056.html","title":{"rendered":"\u97e6\u68ee | \u91cd\u8bfb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e4b\u516d"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<dl>\n<dd>\n<div>\n<p><span>2011\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5 08:08:45<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4f1f\u5927\u793e\u4f1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2014\u2014\u91cd\u8bfb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e4b\u516d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u97e6\u68ee<\/p>\n<p><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\u5728\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5236\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u522b\u4eba\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4e13\u65ad\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u800c\u53ea\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc730\u4f59\u5e74\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u521d\u6b65\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u5f53\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u4ecd\u7136\u4efb\u91cd\u9053\u8fdc\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5417\uff1f<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u81ea\u7531\uff08liberty\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u6574\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u4ed6\u5377\u5e19\u6d69\u7e41\u8457\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7167\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u8d22\u4ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5baa\u653f\uff08liberal constitutionalism\uff09\u4e43\u81f3\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u61a7\u61ac\u548c\u5f18\u626c\u7684\u201c\u4f1f\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\u6784\u4ef6\u548c\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f53\u4ee3\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u8bba\u8005Gottfried Dietze\u5728\u201c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u8bba\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea<strong>\u7531\u4e43\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5584\uff08a state\u2019s highest good\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u7406\uff08a supreme principle\uff09\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u4e0e\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/strong><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000 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\/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3a\u8f74\u5fc3\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u9083\u7e41\u590d\u4e14\u6781\u5176\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5bf9\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8d5e\u8a89\u8005\u6709\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u6709\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u5546\u69b7\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\u5c31\u66fe\u57281981\u5e74\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5c16\u523b\u5730\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8bf4\u201c\u4ed6\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u662f\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u5931\u8d25\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f15\u81f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u8303\u7574\u6df7\u4e71\u201d\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u77f3\u5143\u5eb7\u6559\u6388\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u968f\u683c\u96f7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u7684\uff0c\u542b\u6df7\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u5706\u5176\u8bf4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u91cd\u8bfb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5374\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u6709\u5173\u81ea\u7531\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bba\u8fa9\uff0c\u7406\u8def\u6781\u5176\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u7cbe\u51c6\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u627f\u4f20\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u662f\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e00\u8109\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u5f53\u4ee3\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u5904\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u671f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u3002<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u8bba\u4f1a\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5224\u65ad\uff1f\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u8ff0\u8bed\u8a00\u6666\u6da9\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u8270\u6df1\u96be\u61c2\uff0c\u4e14\u6a2a\u8de8\u591a\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5c0f\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u95ee\u9898\u89c6\u89d2\u8fe5\u5f02\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\uff0c\u4e24\u4e09\u5343\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5404\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u5bf9\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u548c\u89e3\u8bf4\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u592a\u591a\u548c\u592a\u590d\u6742\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5728\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b66\u6d3e\u6797\u7acb\u3001\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\u3001\u83ab\u8877\u4e00\u662f\u3002\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u53ea\u662f\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6d3e\u89c2\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u6309\u7167\u4ee5\u8d5b\u4e9a\u00b7\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u4e8c\u767e\u591a\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u6700\u8fd1\u79f0\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5df2\u9ad8\u8fbe\u56db\u3001\u4e94\u767e\u79cd\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5398\u6e05\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u7acb\u8bba\u4e0a\u903b\u8f91\u81ea\u6d3d\u3001\u6e05\u6670\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u65e6\u628a\u4e4b\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3001\u4e43\u81f3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u8fa9\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u590d\u6742\u548c\u7ea0\u7ed3\u4e86\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u754c\u8bf4\u975e\u4f46\u6ca1\u4f7f\u6709\u5173\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u6670\u660e\u6717\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u5316\u548c\u96be\u4ee5\u628a\u63e1\u3002\u53cd\u800c\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u8bba\u7b80\u660e\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u81ea\u6d3d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u5927\u81f4\u7b26\u5408\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bf8\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u5207\u5b9e\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u3002<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u50cf\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\u90a3\u6837\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e43\u968f\u5fc3\u6240\u6b32\u4e4b\u8c13\u4e5f\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u50cf\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f2f\u7279\u5170\u00b7\u7f57\u7d20\u90a3\u6837\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u201c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u613f\u671b\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u969c\u788d\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u50cf\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fb9\u6c81\uff08\uff08Jeremy Bentham\uff09\u90a3\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff08\u5373\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u8ba4\u5b9a\u201c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6761\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90fd\u662f\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u6761\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7834\u574f\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u628a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u79c1\u4eba\u9886\u57df\uff08a private sphere\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u72b6\u6001\u3002<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u6309\u7167\u4e9a\u8d5b\u4e9a\u00b7\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u521d\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u7684\u751f\u547d\u53ca\u5176\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u5916\u5728\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u652f\u914d\u201d\u3002\u4e0e\u67cf\u6797\u6709\u4e9b\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7d20\u6765\u7528\u8f9e\u7279\u8003\u7a76\u7684\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5728\u539f\u521d\u542b\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e5f\u628a\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff08individual freedom\uff09\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u56e0\u4e13\u65ad\u610f\u5fd7\uff08arbitrary will\uff09\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4ece\u8ba8\u8bba\u62bd\u8c61\u54f2\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff08freedom\uff09\u8f6c\u5411\u8ba8\u8bba\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u201cliberty\u201d\uff08\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u548c\u201cliberties\u201d\uff08\u8bf8\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u4e0d\u50cf\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\u3001\u5362\u68ad\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\u7f57\u7d20\u90a3\u6837\u4ece\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u53ca\u5176\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u906d\u9047\u4efb\u4f55\u969c\u788d\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u6216\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u628a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u79c1\u4eba\u9886\u57df\u201d\u548c\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u501f\u7528\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u8bd1\u6cd5\u548c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c<strong>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201cliberty\u201d\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff08the law of the rule of law\uff09\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u7fa4\u5df1\u6743\u754c\u201d\u3002<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000<\/strong><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e4b\u6cd5\u201d\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u201cliberty\u201d\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u89e3\u91ca\u9053\uff1a\u201c<strong>\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6307\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u53ea\u53d7\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u2026\u2026\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u4f5c\u6240\u4e3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u6743\u5a01\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4e3a\u540c\u6837\u5e73\u7b49\u9002\u5e94\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u89c4\u5219\u6240\u9650\u5236<\/strong>\u201d\u3002\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u627f\u4f20\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u9650\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u66fe\u8bf4<strong>\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u670d\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4eba\u5373\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u535a\u5927\u7cbe\u6df1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u8be0\u91ca<\/strong>\u3002<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201cliberty\u201d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u6216\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u624d\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8bf4\u6765\u662f\u65e9\u5728\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u524d\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c1\u89e3\u5c31\u5341\u5206\u6d41\u884c\u4e86\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u524d\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u6761\u6587\u4e2d\u6709\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u5c31\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c<strong>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6d88\u9664\u548c\u9650\u5236\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u6269\u5927\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7686\u4f1a\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5219\u65e0\u81ea\u7531<\/strong>\u201d\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u88ab\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u79f0\u4f5c\u4e3a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6cd5\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u521b\u7acb\u4eba\u8428\u7ef4\u5c3c\uff08F. C. von Savigny\uff09\u4e5f\u66fe\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ea4\u5f80\u4e2d\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u4f7f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u59a8\u788d\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\u6709\u4e00\u9053\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5728\u6b64\u754c\u9650\u5185\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u4eab\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5212\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e00\u754c\u9650\u548c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u3002<strong>\u6839\u636e\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f9d\u7167\u8428\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e43\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e00\u518d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u522b\u4eba\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4e13\u65ad\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u800c\u53ea\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/strong><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5373\u201crule by law\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u50cf\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u90a3\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e43\u662f\u6709\u6743\u5229\u53bb\u505a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u53c8\u5bf9\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff08the law of liberty\uff09\u505a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u548c\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u573014\u7ae0\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c<strong>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u5e9c\u9664\u975e\u5b9e\u65bd\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u4ee5\u5916\u4e0d\u5f97\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b9e\u884c\u5f3a\u5236\uff0c\u6545\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6743\u5229\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/strong>\u201d\u3002\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u63a5\u7740\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<strong>\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e4b\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624d\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\u6982\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5236\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002<\/strong><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000\u7ecf\u8fc730\u4f59\u5e74\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u521d\u6b65\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u5f53\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe,\u4ecd\u7136\u4efb\u91cd\u9053\u8fdc\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u6709\u591a\u5c11liberties\uff1f<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span><br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>2011\/9\/8\u8c28\u8bc6\u4e8e\u590d\u65e6<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u4e8e2011\u5e749\u670830\u65e5\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e\u300a\u534e\u5c14\u8857\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7f51\u7b14\u8005<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5982\u8bd7\u201d\u4e13\u680f\uff0c\u89c1\uff1a<br \/><span>\u00a0<\/span>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<div><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/cn.wsj.com\/gb\/20110930\/WES080056.asp?source=UpFeature\" title=\"\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/cn.wsj.com\/gb\/20110930\/WES080056.asp?source=UpFeature<\/a><\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>\u4e0a\u4e00\u7bc7\uff1a<\/strong> <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.caijing.com.cn\/expert_article-151495-24964.shtml\" title=\"\u91cd\u8bfb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e4b\u4e94\" target=\"_blank\">\u91cd\u8bfb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e4b\u4e94<\/a> \u3000 <strong>\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\uff1a<\/strong> \u6ca1\u6709\u4e86<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<div>\n<p>\u9605\u8bfb\u6570(42)\u3000\u8bc4\u8bba\u6570(<span>0<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p><em><span>0<\/span><\/em>\u6761<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u535a\u6587\u76f8\u5173\u70b9\u8bc4<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/api.mixpanel.com\/track\/?data=eyJldmVudCI6ICJmdWxsdGV4dGltcHJlc3Npb24iLCAicHJvcGVydGllcyI6IHsidG9rZW4iOiAiYTRhNDYwYTM5MDRlZWU4ZmY1ZTAyNGVhNGJkZTdhYzIifX0=&#038;ip=1&#038;img=1\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" border=\"0\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pixel.quantserve.com\/pixel\/p-89EKCgBk8MZdE.gif\" border=\"0\" height=\"1\" width=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><small>\u672c\u6587\u7531\u81ea\u52a8\u805a\u5408\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53d6\u81ea\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\u7acb\u573a<\/small><\/p>\n<form method=\"POST\" action=\"http:\/\/www.feedblitz.com\/f\/f.fbz?AddNewUserDirect\">\n\u5b9a\u671f\u83b7\u5f97\u7ffb\u5899\u4fe1\u606f\uff1f<a href=\"http:\/\/www.feedblitz.com\/f\/?Sub=738338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u8bf7\u7535\u90ae\u8ba2\u9605\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3<\/a> <br \/><input name=\"EMAIL\" maxlength=\"64\" type=\"text\" size=\"25\" value=\"\"><br \/>\n<input name=\"FEEDID\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"738338\"><br \/>\n<input name=\"PUBLISHER\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"7485568\"><br \/>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"\u8ba2\u9605!\"><br \/>\n<\/form>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> 2011\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5 08:08:45 \u3000\u3000 \u6cd5\u6cbb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4f1f\u5927\u793e\u4f1a \u00a0 \u3000\u3000 \u2014\u2014\u91cd\u8bfb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e4b\u516d \u00a0 \u3000\u3000 \u97e6\u68ee \u00a0 \u3000\u3000 \u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\u5728\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5236\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u522b\u4eba\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4e13\u65ad\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u800c\u53ea\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc730\u4f59\u5e74\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u521d\u6b65\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u5f53\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u4ecd\u7136\u4efb\u91cd\u9053\u8fdc\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5417\uff1f \u00a0 \u00a0 \u3000\u3000\u81ea\u7531\uff08liberty\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u6574\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u4ed6\u5377\u5e19\u6d69\u7e41\u8457\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7167\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u8d22\u4ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5baa\u653f\uff08liberal constitutionalism\uff09\u4e43\u81f3\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u61a7\u61ac\u548c\u5f18\u626c\u7684\u201c\u4f1f\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\u6784\u4ef6\u548c\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f53\u4ee3\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u8bba\u8005Gottfried Dietze\u5728\u201c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u8bba\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea \u7531\u4e43\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5584\uff08a state\u2019s highest good\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u7406\uff08a supreme principle\uff09\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u4e0e\u6761\u4ef6\u3002 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u3000\u3000 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