{"id":211683,"date":"2012-02-22T04:02:53","date_gmt":"2012-02-22T11:02:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/2012\/02\/%e6%96%b9%e6%9c%9d%e6%99%96%ef%bc%9a%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e8%8c%83%e7%95%b4%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e5%8c%96%e5%8f%8a%e5%85%b6%e5%86%85%e5%9c%a8%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98\/"},"modified":"2012-02-22T04:02:53","modified_gmt":"2012-02-22T11:02:53","slug":"%e6%96%b9%e6%9c%9d%e6%99%96%ef%bc%9a%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e8%8c%83%e7%95%b4%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e5%8c%96%e5%8f%8a%e5%85%b6%e5%86%85%e5%9c%a8%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/211683.html","title":{"rendered":"\u65b9\u671d\u6656\uff1a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u8303\u7574\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5185\u5728\u95ee\u9898"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<table>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\">\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"630\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td height=\"40\">\n<p>\u65b9\u671d\u6656\uff1a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u8303\u7574\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5185\u5728\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"middle\" height=\"22\">\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td height=\"32\" align=\"right\"><strong><br \/>\u8fdb\u5165\u4e13\u9898<\/strong>\uff1a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aisixiang.com\/data\/search.php?keyWords=%D5%DC%D1%A7&#038;searchfield=keywords\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aisixiang.com\/data\/search.php?keyWords=%D6%D0%B9%FA%BB%AF&#038;searchfield=keywords\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5316<\/span><\/a> \u00a0\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td height=\"22\">\u25cf <strong>\u65b9\u671d\u6656<\/strong> \uff08<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aisixiang.com\/thinktank\/author.php?id=344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u8fdb\u5165\u4e13\u680f<\/a>\uff09 \u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td 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\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u89e3\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u672c\u4efb\u52a1\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5bf9\u751f\u6d3b\u6216\u4eba\u751f\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7528\u201d\u5b57\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4e00\u8d2f\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u7b26\u5462\uff1f<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>3.Philosophy:\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u4e0e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e5\u5e38\u7528\u8bed<\/strong><br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u4ece\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0cphilosophy (philosophia) \u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u4e2d\u539f\u4e49\u786e\u662f\u6307\u201c\u7231\u667a\u6167\u201d\u4e4b\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4ec5\u4ec5\u505c\u7559\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u8bcd\u6e90\u5b66\u8003\u8bc1\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5927\u9519\u7279\u9519\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u638c\u63e1\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u600e\u6837\u4f7f\u7528philosophy\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c &#8220;philosophy&#8221; \u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u867d\u7136\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u79cd\u628a\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u76f8\u8fd1\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5219\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u8bb8\u591a\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u76f8\u5e76\u5217\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u628aphilosophy\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u5178\u7b49\u5728\u8bb2\u5230philosophy\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9996\u5148\u660e\u786e\u533a\u522b\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684philosophy\u4e4b\u4e49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4ee5Antony Flew \u4e3a\u987e\u95ee\u7684A Dictionary of Philosophy \u4e00\u4e66\u5728\u8bb2\u5230philosophy\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u8bcd\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u4eba\u751f\u6216\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5f0f\u3001\u6982\u62ec\u5f0f\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u6307\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u6307\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u4e00\u822c\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff08to take an aphoristic overview that usually embraces both value-commitments and beliefs about the general nature of things\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\uff08an academic discipline by departments of philosophy within institutions of tertiary education\uff09\u7684 &#8220;philosophy&#8221; \u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u662f\u201c\u5b66\u79d1\u201d\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u7528\u8bed\uff08Antony Flew\uff0c1979\uff0c&#8221;preface&#8221;.\uff09\u3002G. H. R. Parkinson \u5728\u5176\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684 An Encyclopaedia of Philosophy \u4e00\u4e66\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8bb2\u5230\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u63d0\u5230philosophy\u4e00\u8bcd\u65f6\u5e38\u5c06\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u6cd5\u53ef\u7528\u6765\u652f\u6301\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a(\u65b9\u6309\uff1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\u9887\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u6216\u4eba\u751f\u89c2)\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8be5\u4e66\uff08\u6307\u5176\u6240\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff09\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u7684academic philosophy\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff09\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u9700\u8981\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u628a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u6216\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\uff09\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u636eG. H. R. Parkinson\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u68ad\u4f26\uff08\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d638\u2014\u524d559\u5e74\uff09\u66fe\u79bb\u5f00\u5e0c\u814a\u5916\u51fa\u65c5\u884c\u4ee5\u5f00\u9614\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u63cf\u5199\u4e3aphilosophising(\u4ece\u4e8b\u54f2\u5b66)\uff08Parkinson, 1988, 1-2\uff09; \u53c8\u636eJohn Passmore\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u897f\u585e\u7f57\u66fe\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u827a\u672f\u201d\uff0c\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u666e\u901a\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u5360\u6709\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5230\u516c\u514317\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0cJohn Selden\u8fd8\u5199\u9053\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u673a\u667a\u7cbe\u660e\uff08prudence\uff09\u201d\u3002\uff08Paul Edwards, 1967c, 219\uff09\u3002\u4f46Parkinson\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u548c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684philosophy\u5219\u662f\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4e14\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7b49\u4e00\u6279\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6(Parkinson, 1988, 1-3)\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684philosophy\u548c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u5b66\u79d1\u7684philosophy\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5728\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684philosophy \u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u542b\u4e49\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u5373\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u4eba\u751f\u6709\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u6216\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff1b\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u65f6\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u628a\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u628a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5c06\u4e4b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u201c\u667a\u6167\u4e4b\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u6839\u672c\u76ee\u7684\u5373\u5728\u4e8e\u4e3a\u4eba\u751f\u670d\u52a1\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u90a3\u4e48\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u8981\u533a\u5206\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684philosophy\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4ee5\u6765\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u7684 philosophy\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\u662f\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5148\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u522b\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u68c0\u8ba8\u628a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>4.Philosophy\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u6c42\u201c\u771f\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6c42\u201c\u7528\u201d<\/strong><br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u9996\u5148\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4eba\u751f\u5e26\u6765\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u6216\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6c42\u5bf9\u4eba\u751f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8b\u52a1\u6709\u76ca\u800c\u4ece\u4e8b\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u662f\u5927\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u7684\uff1a\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u3001\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u7684\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u5f97\u6551\uff1b\u65af\u591a\u845b\u3001\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u8005\u90fd\u66fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4f7f\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u83b7\u5f97\u5e73\u9759\uff08\u53c2Paul Edwards, 1967c, 219\uff09\uff1b\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u5927\u6279\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e00\u76f4\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u548c\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\uff0c\u800c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u5219\u666e\u904d\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u6765\u653b\u51fb\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6709\u795e\u8bba\uff1b19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u514b\u5c14\u607a\u90ed\u5c14\u3001\u72c4\u5c14\u6cf0\u3001\u5c3c\u91c7\u7b49\u4eba\u5f71\u54cd\u4e4b\u4e0b\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u6d2a\u6d41\u4e2d\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u4e00\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u5e26\u7740\u6781\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6000\u800c\u4ece\u4e8b\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u665a\u671f\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u8131\u79bb\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8def\u5b50\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e0e\u4e1c\u65b9\u601d\u60f3\u5408\u6d41\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002<br 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iii]\uff0c\u5373\u7814\u7a76\u4e16\u754c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5728\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u662f\u201d\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u662f\u7c73\u5229\u90fd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5373\u51fa\u4e8e\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7f18\u7531\u800c\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u5b83\u8001\u95ee\u2018\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u2019\uff0c\u5e76\u8d85\u51fa\u5b9e\u7528\u5173\u6000\u4e4b\u5916\u8fdb\u884c\u62bd\u8c61\uff08generalizing beyond pragmatic concerns\uff09\u3002\u201d\uff08M.Chamber,1979,19\uff09Edward M.Burn\u7b49\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u516c\u5143\u524d\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u2018\u7c73\u5229\u90fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u2019\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53d1\u6e90\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u662f\u5c0f\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u6cbf\u6d77\u5546\u4e1a\u57ce\u5e02\u7c73\u5229\u90fd\u7684\u672c\u5730\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u548c\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u201d\u201c\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u53f6\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5b8c\u5168\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u771f\u7406\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u53ca\u795e\u5728\u4e07\u7269\u4e4b\u6797\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6df1\u5965\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6269\u5c55\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u662f\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\uff0c\u2026\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u601d\u8fa8\u751f\u6d3b\uff08the speculative life\uff09\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u5b83\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u6e05\u9664\u60c5\u6b32\u4e0a\u7684\u6076\u5ff5\u3002\u201d\u201c\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u5728\u4f2f\u91cc\u514b\u5229\u65f6\u4ee3\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7684\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u601d\u8fa8\u7684\u548c\u827a\u672f\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u5173\u5fc3\u7269\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u6216\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u201d\uff08Edward M. Burns\uff0c1980\uff0c125\uff0c125-126\uff0c132\uff09<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u751f\u524d\u90fd\u6709\u4ee5\u54f2\u5b66\u7ecf\u4e16\u81f4\u7528\u7684\u62b1\u8d1f\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u4f01\u56fe\u7528\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff09\u6765\u6539\u9020\u9752\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e00\u751f\u4ea6\u6709\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u62b1\u8d1f\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u738b\u201d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u5374\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5e26\u7740\u6c42\u201c\u7528\u201d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4ece\u4e8b\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u7a0d\u52a0\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u53ef\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6c42\u201c\u662f\u201d\u3001\u6c42\u201c\u77e5\u201d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6700\u7ec8\u4f7f\u54f2\u5b66\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e8e\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u5173\u6000\u4e4b\u5916\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u867d\u7136\u91cd\u89c6\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u5fb7\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u5fb7\u6027\u5373\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\uff1b\u800c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u201c\u95ee\u7b54\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u8ffd\u95ee\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u201c\u52c7\u6562\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8282\u5236\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e0d\u656c\u201d\u7b49\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u6765\u5bfb\u6c42\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u666e\u904d\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6c42\u77e5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e3a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u6240\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u6781\u4e3a\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd(Parkinson, 1988, 1-3)\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u62b1\u8d1f\u591a\u4e48\u5f3a\u70c8\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u7406\u5ff5\u8bba\u201d\u662f\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4ee5\u6c42\u5f97\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u201c\u662f\u201d\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e3a\u65e8\u5f52\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u4f5c\u4e00\u6b63\u786e\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5373\u6c42\u5f97\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u771f\u77e5\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u62b1\u8d1f\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u751f\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u201c\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee5\u6c42\u5f97\u666e\u904d\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u4e07\u80fd\u7684\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u61c2\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4f1a\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u57f9\u517b\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u62c5\u5f53\u57ce\u90a6\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e07\u80fd\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4f7f\u4ed6\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u4f5c\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u5c1a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u4e86\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5145\u5206\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u201c\u4e3a\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u8eab\u800c\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5b66\u672f\u201d\uff08\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff0c1959a\uff0c982b\uff0c5\uff09\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5173\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u6240\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8fd8\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6phronesis \u548csophia\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0cphronesis \u548csophia\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u662f\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u6df7\u6dc6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u90fd\u53ef\u8bd1\u4f5cwisdom\uff08\u4e2d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u667a\u6167\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u300a\u7f8e\u8bfa\u7bc7\u300b\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u6700\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5230\u4e86\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff0cphronesis \u548csophia\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5374\u88ab\u6709\u610f\u4f5c\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5728\u300a\u5c3c\u5404\u9a6c\u79d1\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\u7528phronesis \u4e13\u95e8\u6307\u79f0\u201c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u667a\u6167\u201d\uff08\u82d7\u529b\u7530\u5148\u751f\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u660e\u667a\u201d\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u6709\u65f6\u8bd1\u4e3apractical 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\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5de5\u5177\u4e66\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u6587philosophia (\u5373\u82f1\u6587philosophy) \u5e94\u5f53\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u7231\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\uff08love of knowledge\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7231\u667a\u6167\u201d\uff08love of wisdom\uff09, \u56e0\u4e3a\u667a\u6167\u4e00\u8bcd\u542b\u4e49\u592a\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff08\u53c2\u89c1 Parkinson, 1988, 1-2\uff1bPaul Edwards, 1967c, 216\uff09\u3002v] 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\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u601d\u60f3\u5fc5\u987b\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8fbe\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u7269\u91cc\u6446\u8131\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u91cc\u8d85\u62d4\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u5373\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u6df1\u5165\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u51fa\u53d1\u2026\u2026 \uff08\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff0c1978 \uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c93\uff09<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u4ece\u897f\u65b9\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u60df\u6709\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u624d\u9996\u5148\u5f97\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\u2026\u2026\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u89c1\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5728\u5f00\u82b1\u2026\uff08\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c98-99\uff09<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u201c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5f55\u201d\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u968f\u5904\u90fd\u53ef\u89c1\u5230\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u81ea\u5df1\u5219\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u6cd5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u542b\u4e49\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u201d\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff1a\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u8bba\u8bc1\u3001\u53cd\u9a73\u3001\u6279\u5224\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8fbe\u5230\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u666e\u904d\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6b63\u5982John Passmore \u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u667a\u6167\u7684\u9996\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u6279\u8bc4\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u8003\u9a8c\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4ef6\u806a\u660e\u3001\u6b63\u786e\u6216\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff1b\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u8bba\u6839\u57fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7ecf\u5f97\u8d77\u8bd8\u96be\u3002\u201d\uff08Paul Edwards, 1967c\uff0c216\uff09\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6000\u7591\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5148\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u5207\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u4e88\u4ee5\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u5207\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u5e76\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u50cf\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2a\u522b\u7edd\u5bf9\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u7262\u4e0d\u53ef\u7834\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u516c\u7406\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u624d\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff08\u6216\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u201d\uff09\u6240\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u8bf4\u6709\u7740\u6700\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u65af\u548c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u4e5f\u66fe\u7ecf\u5bf9\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7279\u5f81\u4f5c\u8fc7\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u65af\u5bf9\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u7406\u6027\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ee5\u65e0\u7a77\u6279\u5224\u53ca\u8ffd\u6c42\u6e05\u6670\u4e3a\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u201c\u7406\u6027\u201d\u4e43\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u7ef4\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7279\u5f81(Edith Ehrlich, 1994, 178-185, 347-350) \u80e1\u585e\u5c141936\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5371\u673a\u4e0e\u8d85\u9a8c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u6240\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u5b58\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u6839\u636e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u6839\u636e\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u6d3b\u5851\u9020\u6cd5\u5219\u2026\u2026\u6839\u636e\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53e4\u4eba\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u6027\u660e\u667a\u5730\u5851\u9020\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u3002\u201d(Edmund Husserl, 1970 , 8)<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>6.\u8861\u91cf\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u5176\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong><br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bb2\u5230\u8fc7\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u201d\u53ca\u201c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u201d\u4e09\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u4eba\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u5f97\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u89e3\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5305\u542b\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5373\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u51af\u53cb\u5170\u5148\u751f\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bf4\u5f97\u6700\u4e3a\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u540d\u8bcd\u5728\u897f\u6d0b\u6709\u751a\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5404\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u2018\u54f2\u5b66\u2019\u6240\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ea6\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4e3a\u65b9\u4fbf\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u5179\u5148\u8ff0\u666e\u901a\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u77e5\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u77e5\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4f55\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u540d\u8bcd\u4e4b\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4ea6\u65e0\u9700\u53e6\u4e3e\u77e3\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u672f\u8bed\u8bf4\u4e4b\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5305\u6db5\u4e09\u5927\u90e8\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u6c42\u4e00\u2018\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u9053\u7406\u2019(A Theory of World)\uff1b\u4eba\u751f\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u6c42\u4e00\u2018\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u751f\u4e4b\u9053\u7406\u2019(A Theory of Life)\uff1b\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u6c42\u4e00\u2018\u5bf9\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u9053\u7406\u2019(A Theory of Knowledge)\u3002\uff08\u51af\u53cb\u5170\uff0c1961\uff0c1-2\u3002\u65b9\u6309\uff1a\u51af\u6587\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\u53c8\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7b49\u800c\u540c\u4e4b\uff0c\u89c1\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c4\uff09<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u51af\u53cb\u5170\u5148\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e16\u754c\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u5b66\u95ee\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5462\uff1f\u4e0d\u4f46\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u90a3\u4e9b\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fc4\u4eca\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u9053\u6559\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6709\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u53ca\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6837\u5212\u5206\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b97\u6559\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5c31\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u5462\uff1f\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff1a\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u95ee\u6211\u4eec\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8bf4\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u53ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\uff1b\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u95ee\u6211\u4eec\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u9a6c\u4e0a\u8bf4\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff1b\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u95ee\u6211\u4eec\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u7acb\u5373\u60f3\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u5df2\u8868\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u5373\u54f2\u5b66\u533a\u522b\u5176\u5b83\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u672c\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u51af\u53cb\u5170\u5148\u751f\u8fd8\u72af\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5373\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff08a theory of life and the world\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u8c13\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5 vii]\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u662f\u6307\u51af\u53cb\u5170\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4ee5\u6307\u5bfc\u4eba\u751f\u4e3a\u5b97\u65e8\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u6216\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u975e\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83 viii]\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u5f20\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u672c\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u3001\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u8fdb\u5165\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5728\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u666e\u904d\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8981\u5bfb\u627e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6700\u540e\u539f\u56e0\u6216\u7b2c\u4e00\u539f\u7406\uff08\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff0c1959\uff0c982a, 4\uff09\uff1b\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u7528\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u628a\u63e1\u771f\u7406\u201d\uff08 \u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff0c1978\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff0c24\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u201d(\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c88-89)\uff1b\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4f7f\u547d\u548c\u6839\u672c\u4efb\u52a1\u5728\u4e8e\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5960\u5b9a\u4e00\u7edd\u5bf9\u53ef\u9760\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\uff1b\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u5219\u8bf4\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4f7f\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u6e05\u6670\u3002\u201d\uff08\u7ef4\u7279\u8981\u65af\u5766\uff0c1962\uff0c4.112, 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ix]\u3002<br 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x]\u3002<br 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\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u518d\u5982\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6240\u8c13metaphysics 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b\u83ab\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64 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Derk Bodde, Princeton: Princeton University Press\uff1b<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a014.Fung Yu-lan, 1921, &#8216;Why China has no science&#8211;an interpretation of the history and consequences of Chinese philosophy,&#8217; in Fun Yu-lan, 1991\uff0cSelected Philosophical Writings of Fung Yu-lan , Beijing: Foreign Language Pres, 571-595;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a015.\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff0c1986\uff1a\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\uff0c\u90ed\u658c\u548c\u3001\u5f20\u7af9\u660e\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff1b<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a016.\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff0c1959a:\u300a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u5434\u5bff\u5f6d\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a017.\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff0c1986:\u300a\u7b2c\u4e00\u54f2\u5b66\u6c89\u601d\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5e9e\u666f\u4ec1\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff1b<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a018.\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff0c1978:\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u8bb2\u6f14\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u8d3a\u9e9f\u3001\u738b\u592a\u5e86\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a019.\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff0c1978:\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u8bb2\u6f14\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u8d3a\u9e9f\u3001\u738b\u592a\u5e86\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a020.\u7ef4\u7279\u8981\u65af\u5766\uff0c1962:\u300a\u903b\u8f91\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u90ed\u82f1\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a021.\u6587\u5fb7\u5c14\u73ed\uff0c1987\uff1a\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u6559\u7a0b\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u7f57\u8fbe\u4ec1\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff1b<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a022.\u7f57\u7d20\uff0c1963\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4f55\u5146\u6b66\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff1b<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a023.\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5305\u5c14\u751f\uff0c1988\uff1a\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u300b\uff0c\u4f55\u6000\u5b8f\u3001\u5ed6\u7533\u767d\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff1b<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a024.\u5468\u8f85\u6210\uff0c1964\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u540d\u8457\u9009\u8f91\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u5468\u8f85\u6210\u7f16\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff1b<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a025.\u6731\u71b9\uff0c1994a\uff1a\u300a\u6731\u5b50\u8bed\u7c7b\u300b\uff08\u5168\u516b\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u9ece\u9756\u5fb7\u7f16\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff1b<br 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\/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ii \u51af\u53cb\u5170\u3001\u5510\u541b\u6bc5\u4e8c\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u522b\u7ed9\u62b9\u6740\u4e86\u3002\u6309\u7167\u51af\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u4efd\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u90fd\u66fe\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\uff0c\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e00\u70b9\u6307\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u90fd\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6b7b\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u4e86\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8c\u4f4d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5012\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5386\u6765\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u5f85\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\u66f4\u5e94\u5f53\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0iii ontology \u6765\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u7684onta\uff0c\u8be5\u8bcd\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u8bd1\u4f5cwhat is \u6216\u8005being\u3002\u6c6a\u5b50\u5d69\u53ca\u738b\u592a\u5e86\u5148\u751f\u5747\u4ee5\u4e3aontology \u5e94\u5f53\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u662f\u8bba\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u201c\u662f\u201d\uff08 \u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u4f5ceinai, estin\u7b49\uff09\u6709\u201c\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u80fd\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u751f\u957f\u3001\u6d8c\u73b0\u3001\u51fa\u73b0\u201d\u4e4b\u4e49(\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u6c6a\u5b50\u5d69\uff0c2000\uff0c21-36\uff1b\u738b\u592a\u5e86\uff0c 1993\uff0c 419-437)\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0iv \u5728\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd8\u662f\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u800c\u975e\u5176\u5b83\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5df2\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u666e\u904d\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u4e86\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u96c5\u5c14\u8d1d\u65af\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u533a\u522b\u65f6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u54f2\u5b66\u8d85\u8d8a\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u4e14\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u603b\u662f\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u8ffd\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e00\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u2026\u2026\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6e05\u695a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u5c55\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e5f\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08philosophizing\uff09\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u5448\u73b0\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff1a\u5373\u77e5\u8bc6\u5728\u62e5\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8d85\u8d8a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u201d\uff08Karl Jaspers, 1994, 377-378\uff09\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u65af\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u5df2\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u5ba2\u89c2\u3001\u666e\u904d\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u5b58\uff08Existenz\uff09\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4ed6\u4e0e\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0v Philosophia =philo(love) + sophia(wisdom)\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0vi \u4e0e\u89e3\u653e\u540e\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u666e\u904d\u5730\u628a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u201d\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u8212\u65b0\u57ce\u7b49\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u8f9e\u6d77\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u5bf9\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5219\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u76f8\u8fd1\u5f97\u591a\uff1a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\uff08philosophy\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u5b57\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\uff0c\u7231\u667a\u4e4b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u77e5\u8bc6\u603b\u4f53\u4e4b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u4e4b\u5b66\u95ee\u3002\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u4e4e\u601d\u8003\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u6545\u522b\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7b49\uff1b\u5176\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e3a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u53c8\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u5168\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u522b\u4e8e\u7279\u6b8a\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u201d\uff08\u8212\u65b0\u57ce\uff0c1936\uff0c\u4e11\u96c6\uff1a\u516b\u4e00\u9875\uff09\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0vii \u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u6216\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6216\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u4e4f\u5176\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e38\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8bef\u533a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6587\u5fb7\u5c14\u73ed\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u6559\u7a0b\u300b\u201c\u5bfc\u8a00\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u5f00\u5934\u5c31\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u8c13\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u73b0\u5728\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9Welterkenntnis\u548cLebensansicht\u4e00\u822c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u201d\uff08\u201cUnter Philosophie versteht der heutige Sprachgebrauch die wissenschaftliche Behandlung der allgemeinen Fragen von Welterkenntenis ud Lebensansicht.\u201dIn: Wilhelm Windelband, 1928, 1\uff09\u5176\u4e2d\u5fb7\u8bed\u5355\u8bcdWelterkenntnis\u548cLebensansicht\u4e25\u683c\u8bf4\u6765\u5e94\u5f53\u5206\u522b\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u4e2d\u5c06Welterkenntnis\u548cLebensansicht\u5206\u522b\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6587\u5fb7\u5c14\u73ed\u4e5f\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\uff08\u53c2\u6587\u5fb7\u5c14\u73ed\uff0c1987\uff0c1\uff09\u3002\u53c8\u5982\uff1a\u7f57\u7d20\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u201c\u7eea\u8bba\u201d\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u2018\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u2019\u7684conceptions of life and the world \u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u2018\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u2019\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5c31\u79d1\u5b66\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u201d\uff08Betrand Russell, 1972, xiii\uff09\u5176\u4e2d conceptions of life and the world\u53ef\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u548c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7f57\u7d20\u4e5f\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u548c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\uff08\u53c2\u7f57\u7d20\uff0c1963\uff0c11\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u65af\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff08\u4e09\u5377\u672c\uff09\u5171\u5206\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff0cphilosophische Weltorientierung\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff09, Existenzerhellung\uff08\u5bf9\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u9610\u91ca\uff09\uff0cMetaphysik\uff08\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff09. \u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u867d\u53ef\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u65af\u660e\u786e\u5730\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4e00\u518d\u58f0\u79f0\u4ed6\u6240\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0e\u524d\u4eba\u5df2\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5fb7\u6587Welterkenntnis, Weltorientierung\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u82f1\u6587conception of the world\uff0ca theory of world, \u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8bed\u6c47\u4e2d\u90fd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u201d\u542b\u4e49\u6709\u522b\uff1b\u65e0\u8bba\u662fLebensansicht\uff08\u5fb7\uff09, conception of life(\u82f1) \u8fd8\u662fa theory of life\uff08\u82f1\uff09\u90fd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u201d\u6709\u522b\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u4e4b\u4e8e\u6307\u5bfc\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u6240\u8bf4\u7684phronesis \uff08\u82f1\u8bd1\u4e3apractical wisdom, \u4e2d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u667a\u6167\u201d\u6216\u201c\u660e\u667a\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u7740\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6307\u5bfc\u6027\u201d\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u4ece\u8bcd\u4e49\u4e0a\u66f4\u52a0\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587world-outlook\u6216a general view of world\uff0c\u5fb7\u6587Weltanshauung\u7b49\u8bcd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6c47\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u591a\u534a\u662f\u4ece\u201c\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0viii \u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5f53\u524d\u6781\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u5730\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u754c\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\u90fd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f88\u96be\u4e3a\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u6982\u62ec\u5176\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aPaul Edwards, 1967c, 216-226; G. H. R. Parkinson, 1988, 1-15; Antony Flew, 1979, vii-xi:\u2019preface\u2019; \u6587\u5fb7\u5c14\u73ed\uff0c1987\uff0c1-14\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ix \u51af\u53cb\u5170\u5728\u5176\u665a\u5e74\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u91d1\u5cb3\u9716\u5728\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u201d\u6d88\u606f\u4f20\u56de\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u90fd\u89c9\u5f97\u5f88\u8be7\u5f02\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u592a\u8f7b\u89c6\u54f2\u5b66\u4e86\uff08\u51af\u53cb\u5170\uff0c1999\uff0c239\uff09\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u91d1\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u65e0\u65b0\u5947\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0e\u524d\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u7684\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u4e00\u8109\u76f8\u627f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u5728\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bf4\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\uff0c\u5373\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u89c9\u5f97\u8be7\u5f02\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u8fe5\u5f02\u7684\u7f18\u6545\u3002\u51af\u53cb\u5170\u5148\u751f\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u8bf4\u91d1\u5cb3\u9716\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6e38\u620f\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u201c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u89e3\u5632\u7684\u610f\u601d\u201d\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u91d1\u5cb3\u9716\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e3a\u91d1\u5148\u751f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u4f46\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u589e\u8fdb\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5883\u754c\u3002\u201d\uff08\u51af\u53cb\u5170\uff0c1999\uff0c240\uff09\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u6c42\u77e5\u7684\u5b66\u672f\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u53cd\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u589e\u8fdb\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5462\uff1f<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0x \u51af\u53cb\u5170\u5148\u751f\u57281930\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u591a\u5206\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3a\u4e09\u5927\u90e8\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66(Physics)\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66(Ethics)\uff0c\u8bba\u7406\u5b66(logics)\u3002\u6b64\u6240\u8c13\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u8bba\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u8f83\u73b0\u5728\u6b64\u4e09\u540d\u8bcd\u6240\u6307\u4e3a\u5e7f\u3002\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u672f\u8bed\u8bf4\u4e4b\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5305\u6db5\u4e09\u5927\u90e8\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u2026\u2026\u4eba\u751f\u8bba\u2026\u2026\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u3002\u6b64\u4e09\u5206\u6cd5\uff0c\u81ea\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u6d41\u884c\uff1b\u5373\u81f3\u8fd1\u4e16\uff0c\u4ea6\u591a\u7528\u4e4b\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5927\u7565\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u201d\uff08\u51af\u53cb\u5170\uff0c1961\uff0c 2\uff09\u51af\u5148\u751f\u53c8\u79f0\uff1a&#8221;\u5b5f\u592a\u845b\u5148\u751f\uff08W. P. Montague\uff09\u4ea6\u8c13\u54f2\u5b66\u6709\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff0c\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5373\u4e0a\u6240\u8c13\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff0c\u590d\u5206\u4e3a\u4e8c\u90e8\uff1b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b66\u5373\u4e0a\u6240\u8c13\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\uff0c\u4ea6\u590d\u5206\u4e3a\u4e8c\u90e8\uff1b\u7686\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\u540c\u3002\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u590d\u5206\u4e3a\u4e8c\u90e8\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u2026\u2026\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u7f8e\u5b66\u2026\u2026\u3002\u201d\uff08\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c4\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u76f4\u5230\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u624d\u63d0\u51fa\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u66f4\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8fd8\u5c06\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u79f0\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff09\u653e\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u9996\u3002\u4ece\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u51af\u53cb\u5170\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6240\u8c13\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u7f8e\u5b66\u7b49\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u5212\u5206\u786c\u884c\u5730\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u89c2\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u53ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u4e2d\u53bb\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\uff0c\u7f8e\u5b66\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e94\u8be5\u653e\u5230\u4eba\u751f\u8bba\u91cc\u53bb\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u7f8e\u5b66\u5728\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u3002\u53c8\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u897f\u65b9\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u90e8\u95e8\u5982\u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6280\u672f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e43\u81f3\u751f\u6001\u54f2\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\u5e94\u8be5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u8fd8\u662f\u4eba\u751f\u8bba\u8fd8\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff08\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff09\u5c31\u66f4\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\u3002\u65e0\u602a\u4e4eDerk Bodde \u5148\u751f\u5728\u5c06\u51af\u5148\u751f\u5173\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bd1\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5bf9\u51af\u53cb\u5170\u7684\u8bdd\u4f5c\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u51af\u5148\u751f\u5173\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\u88ab\u4ed6\u6539\u6210\uff1a&#8221;In the West, philosophy has been conveniently divided into such divisions as metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, logic, etc.&#8221;(\u53ef\u8bd1\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u201d) \u89c1 Fung Yu-Lan, 1937, 1\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0xi \u5173\u4e8emetaphysics\uff08\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u4e4b\u4e49\uff0c\u53c2\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c\u4e09\u7f16\u201c\u4ece\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u3001\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u770b\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u4e0b\u7bc7 \u4ece\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u770b\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u3002<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0xii 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\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u4e2d\u539f\u4e49\u786e\u662f\u6307\u201c\u7231\u667a\u6167\u201d\u4e4b\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4ec5\u4ec5\u505c\u7559\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u8bcd\u6e90\u5b66\u8003\u8bc1\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5927\u9519\u7279\u9519\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u638c\u63e1\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u600e\u6837\u4f7f\u7528philosophy\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c &#8220;philosophy&#8221; \u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u867d\u7136\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u79cd\u628a\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u76f8\u8fd1\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5219\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u8bb8\u591a\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u76f8\u5e76\u5217\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u628aphilosophy\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u95e8\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u5178\u7b49\u5728\u8bb2\u5230philosophy\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9996\u5148\u660e\u786e\u533a\u522b\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684philosophy\u4e4b\u4e49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4ee5Antony Flew \u4e3a\u987e\u95ee\u7684A Dictionary of Philosophy \u4e00\u4e66\u5728\u8bb2\u5230philosophy\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u8bcd\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u4eba\u751f\u6216\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5f0f\u3001\u6982\u62ec\u5f0f\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u6307\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u6307\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u4e00\u822c\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff08to take an aphoristic overview that usually embraces both value-commitments and beliefs about the general nature of things\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\uff08an academic discipline by departments of philosophy within institutions of tertiary education\uff09\u7684 &#8220;philosophy&#8221; 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H. 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