{"id":297726,"date":"2013-06-06T19:18:08","date_gmt":"2013-06-07T02:18:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/2013\/06\/%e5%be%90%e8%b4%b2-%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e6%98%af%e4%b8%80%e7%a7%8d%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e7%9a%84%e5%85%ac%e6%b0%91%e5%89%af%e4%b8%9a%e5%92%8c%e5%8f%82%e4%b8%8e\/"},"modified":"2013-06-06T19:18:08","modified_gmt":"2013-06-07T02:18:08","slug":"%e5%be%90%e8%b4%b2-%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e6%98%af%e4%b8%80%e7%a7%8d%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e7%9a%84%e5%85%ac%e6%b0%91%e5%89%af%e4%b8%9a%e5%92%8c%e5%8f%82%e4%b8%8e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/297726.html","title":{"rendered":"\u5f90\u8d32 | \u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u600e\u6837\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><p><span><br \/>\n\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u600e\u6837\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\"><\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5f90<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u8d32<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5c3c\u91c7\u5728\u300a\u770b\u54ea\uff0c\u8fd9\u4eba\u300b\u91cc\u628a\u6709\u7684\u4e66\u770b\u6210\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u53bb\u8bfb\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e66\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u542c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u8bba\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u7a00\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff09\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u8fde\u7eed\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u542c\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u542c\u89c9\u4e0a\u7684\u5e7b\u89c9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u542c\u4e0d\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u5728\u201c\u65e5\u5e38\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a5\u89e6\u800c\u89c9\u5f97\u662f\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5c3c\u91c7\u53c8\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4ece\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\uff09\u90a3\u91cc\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e0e\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\uff09\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u201d\u6211\u7684\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u300b\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u88ab\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u3002\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u8d23\u5b83\u60f3\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u5f15\u8bf1\u4eba\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u6587\u9769\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e66\u540d\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u300b\u3002\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6070\u6070\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u5377\u5165\u4e86\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u4e0a\u81f3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u4e0b\u81f3\u65e0\u5b98\u5c0f\u6c11\u90fd\u5377\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u4f60\u6b7b\u6211\u6d3b<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u3002\u7236\u6bcd\u4e0e\u5b50\u5973\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4e0a\u7ea7\u4e0e\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u670b\u53cb\u4e4b\u95f4\u610f\u89c1\u4e0d\u5408\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u6597\u4e89\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u5f90\u8d32\u5148\u751f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u90e8\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u662f\u8981\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u5377\u5165\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u53bb\u5417\uff1f\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u90fd\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u201c\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u50cf\u6587\u9769\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u6b8b\u9177\u6597\u4e89\u3001\u9634\u8c0b\u8be1\u8ba1\u3001\u4f60\u6b7b\u6211\u6d3b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u6211\u6240\u7528\u7684\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5728\u4e66\u7684\u201c\u5e8f\u201d\u91cc\u6240\u4ea4\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df2\u6545\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u5dde\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u57c3\u5f17\u96f7\u7279<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00b7<\/span><span>\u5fb7\u514b\u68ee\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Everett Dirksen,<br \/>\n1951-1969<\/span><span>\u4efb\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\uff09\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u5e2d\u8bdd\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u6765\u4ea4\u7ed9<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2018<\/span><span>\u522b\u4eba<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2019<\/span><span>\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u6307\u6325\u4eba\u95f4\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u6700\u597d\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u548c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u5f85\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u574f\u4e8b\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u8d2a\u6c61\u53d7\u8d3f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u8d25\u574f\u7b49\u540c\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u53e4\u5f80\u4eca\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62b9\u9ed1\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8bdd\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0d\u80fd\u9009\u4e3e\u5b98\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u8511\u89c6\u4e00\u5207\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u8005\u5e76\u8d2c\u4f4e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u52a8\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8511\u89c6\u9009\u4e3e\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u5373\u9009\u6c11\u3002\u201d\u539f\u6587\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Politics is not something<br \/>\nyou can afford to leave to \u201cother people.\u201d Since politics is the<br \/>\nart of ordering the affairs of men through government, it should be<br \/>\nthe vocation of the very best in this Republic and the avocation of<br \/>\nall.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">There have been many who<br \/>\nseem to equate politics with that which is bad, that which is<br \/>\ncorrupt, that which is venal, and that which is corrosive of our<br \/>\nmoral fiber. I find that throughout history most such disparaging<br \/>\nremarks are made by those who never dared seek elective<br \/>\noffice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">To scorn all politicians<br \/>\nand to decry their actions is to scorn those who elect them and<br \/>\nsupport them \u2013 namely the citizen-electors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p ALIGN=\"center\">\n<b><span><br \/>\n\u4e00<\/span><\/b><b><span LANG=\"EN-US\"><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/b> <b><span><br \/>\n\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5fb7\u514b\u68ee\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u201d\u7528\u7684\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">vocation<\/span><span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u7528\u7684\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">avocation<\/span><span>\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Vocation<\/span><span>\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u5728\u5b83\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u4eec\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u662f\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u542b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd8\u8981\u8c08\u5230\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u8ba9\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u5230\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Max Weber<br \/>\n1864-1920<\/span><span>\uff09\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u53eb\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fd7\u4e1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Politik als<br \/>\nBeruf<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u53eb\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fd7\u4e1a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Wissenschaft als<br \/>\nBeruf<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Beruf<\/span><span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5fb7\u8bed\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u82f1\u8bed\u7684<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">career, job, occupation,<br \/>\nprofession<\/span><span>\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">trade<\/span><span>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u4e86<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">vocation<\/span><span>\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Vocation<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u662f\u4ece\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">vocatio<\/span><span>\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u539f\u610f\u662f\u795e\u7684\u201c\u53ec\u5524\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4f20\u5524\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u8ffd\u6c42\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5fd7\u5411\u201d\u3002\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e00\u4ef6\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\u3001\u8363\u8a89\u611f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u795e\u5723\u611f\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Avocation<\/span><span>\u6765\u81ea\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6839\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e5f\u6307<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">vocation<\/span><span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53e6\u6307\u5728<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">vocation<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u4e4b\u5916\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">American Heritage Dictionary<\/span><span>\u8fd9\u90e8\u82f1\u8bed\u5b57\u5178\u5bf9<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">avocation<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u201c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">An activity taken in addition to one\u2019s regular work or<br \/>\nprofession, usually for enjoyment and hobby<\/span><span>\u201d\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u6b63\u89c4\u5de5\u4f5c\u6216\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e4b\u5916\u62c5\u5f53\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e50\u8da3\u548c\u7231\u597d\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u201c\u62c5\u5f53\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\u3001\u8363\u8a89\u5fc3\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u97e6\u4f2f\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u540d\u6587\u7684\u82f1\u8bd1\u8005\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u548c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u201c\u804c\u4e1a<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u9009\u62e9<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">vocation<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u548c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5f53\u4f5c\u804c\u4e1a\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u4f17\u591a\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f53\u4f5c\u5bf9\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u201c\u53ec\u5524\u201d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u8ffd\u6c42\u201d\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u804c\u4e1a\u90fd\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u6070\u597d\u3001\u78b0\u5de7\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\u5b66\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6536\u5165\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u996d\u7897\u3002\u5728\u97e6\u4f2f\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u7c7b\u804c\u4e1a\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u5fd7\u4e1a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8ba4\u771f\u9009\u62e9\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u6df1\u5165\u3001\u900f\u5f7b\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6216\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u78b0\u5de7\u201d\u5f97\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u4e00\u5929\u548c\u5c1a\u649e\u4e00\u5929\u949f\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u62e5\u6743\u81ea\u80a5\u3001\u6709\u6cb9\u6c34\u3001\u80fd\u8d5a\u94b1\u7684\u201c\u884c\u5f53\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">1918<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">11<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u5171\u548c\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u5373<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">1919<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">2<\/span><span>\u6708\u5230<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">7<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u56fd\u6c11\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u5baa\u6cd5<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2014\u2014<\/span><span>\u9b4f\u739b\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9b4f\u739b\u5baa\u6cd5\u66fe\u88ab\u79f0\u505a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u97e6\u4f2f\u662f\u5728<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">1919<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">1<\/span><span>\u6708\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u5c81\u6708\u5199\u7684\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fd7\u4e1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u6210\u300a\u4ee5\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3a\u4e1a\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u662f\u4e3a\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u5927\u5b66\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u5b66\u751f\u8054\u76df\u201d\u6240\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u8bb2\u6f14\u7a3f\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e00\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u59a5\u534f\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u6bcf\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ed4\u7ec6\u6743\u8861\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u653f\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u51ed\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u89c9\u5f97\u662f\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u522b\u4eba\u773c\u91cc\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u662f\u707e\u7978\u3002\u4ece\u653f\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u5584\u4e8e\u61c2\u5f97\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6709\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5fc3\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u653f\u515a\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u4e00\u5df1\u4e4b\u79c1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9053\u7406\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u201c\u4ece\u653f\u8005\u201d\u90fd\u61c2\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u61c2\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80af\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u653e\u4e0d\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79c1\u5229\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b8c\u86cb\u3002\u97e6\u4f2f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ee5\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3a\u4e1a\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u201c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2018<\/span><span>\u4e3a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2019<\/span><span>\u653f\u6cbb\u800c\u751f\u5b58\u201d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u201c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2018<\/span><span>\u9760<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2019<\/span><span>\u653f\u6cbb\u800c\u751f\u5b58\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u90fd\u4ee5\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3a\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c\u2018<\/span><span>\u4e3a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2019<\/span><span>\u653f\u6cbb\u800c\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u5185\u5fc3\u91cc\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4ed6\u6216\u8005\u662f\u56e0\u62e5\u6709\u4ed6\u6240\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u4eab\u53d7\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u4e00\u9879<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2018<\/span><span>\u4e8b\u4e1a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u2019<\/span><span>\u800c\u4f7f\u751f\u547d\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6ecb\u751f\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u611f\u89c9\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u6536\u5165\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5f53\u6210\u51fa\u4eba\u5934\u5730\u3001\u8c0b\u6743\u56fe\u5229\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u9760\u653f\u6cbb\u5403\u996d\u201d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc3\u80f8\u72ed\u9698\u3001\u4e0d\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u79c1\u5229\u7684\u5978\u8bc8\u4f2a\u5584\u4e4b\u5f92\u3002\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u662f\u97e6\u4f2f\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece\u653f\u8005\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e3e\u76ee\u671b\u53bb\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u89c1\u5230\u97e6\u4f2f\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece\u653f\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u201c\u5f53\u5e72\u90e8\u201c\u3001\u201c\u5403\u653f\u6cbb\u996d\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eab\u653f\u6cbb\u798f\u201d\u3001\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u635e\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u635e\u5f85\u9047\u7684\u5374\u5230\u5904\u90fd\u662f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ece\u653f\u8005\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u4e00\u63d0\u8d77\u5c31\u4f1a\u53cd\u611f\u548c\u8511\u89c6\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5f88\u60f3\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u52a0\u5165\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ed6\u4eec\u75db\u6068\u548c\u9119\u89c6\u7684\u201c\u5e72\u90e8\u201d\u4eba\u7fa4\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fde\u653f\u6cbb\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u4e00\u8d77\u538c\u6076\u3001\u8ba5\u8bbd\u548c\u9119\u89c6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u8bf4\u8d77\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6743\u672f\u3001\u9634\u8c0b\u3001\u8be1\u8ba1\u548c\u6b3a\u9a97\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u50cf\u6587\u9769\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u4eba\u6597\u4eba\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u5bb3\u4eba\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5fb7\u514b\u68ee\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u6210\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u6700\u597d\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u548c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u7684\u6700\u597d\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u56e0\u6700\u6709\u6cb9\u6c34\u800c\u88ab\u4eba\u7fa1\u6155\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u56e0\u9ad8\u5c1a\u800c\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u5d07\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u624d\u662f\u5e72\u51c0\u7684\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4ef6\u5e72\u51c0\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u80ae\u810f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u8ba9\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5149\u8363\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8499\u7f9e\u803b\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u90fd\u6709\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u5728\u300a\u656c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u4e50\u4e1a\u300b\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u91cc\u5934\u7684\u201c\u656c\u4e1a\u4e50\u7fa4\u201d\u548c\u300a\u8001\u5b50\u300b\u91cc\u5934\u7684\u201c\u5b89\u5176\u5c45\u4e50\u5176\u4e1a\u201d\u90a3\u4e24\u53e5\u8bdd\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u300a\u8001\u5b50\u300b\u539f\u610f\u76f8\u5408\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6df1\u7a76\u3002\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u656c\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u656c\u5b57\u201c\u4e3a\u53e4\u5723\u8d24\u6559\u4eba\u505a\u4eba\u6700\u7b80\u6613\u3001\u76f4\u6377\u7684\u6cd5\u95e8\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u88ab\u5f8c\u6765\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8bf4\u5f97\u592a\u7cbe\u5fae\uff0c\u5012\u53d8\u4e86\u4e0d\u9002\u5b9e\u7528\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u6240\u8c13\u656c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u96c6\u4e2d\u7cbe\u529b\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u656c\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7740\u4e50\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u8001\u5b9e\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a\u2018\u51e1\u804c\u4e1a\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u8da3\u5473\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4f60\u80af\u7ee7\u7eed\u505a\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u8da3\u5473\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u2019\u201d\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u8bf4\uff0c\u656c\u4e1a\u3001\u4e50\u4e1a\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u656c\u548c\u4e50\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u5148\u6709\u4e1a\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u656c\u3001\u53ef\u4e50\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5b66\u505a\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4fbf\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u5fc5\u5148\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u5f53\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e1a\u201d\u6765\u656c\u548c\u4e50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">avocation<\/span><span>\uff09\u5305\u542b\u201c\u53ec\u5524\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8ffd\u6c42\u201d\u7684\u4e09\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u628a\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u4eba\u903c\u7740\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u3002\u4ed6\u5173\u5fc3\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u5207\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u52a8\u5458\u3001\u88ab\u631f\u88f9\u3001\u88ab\u5a01\u903c\u3002\u8fd9\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\uff0c\u5fc3\u4e0d\u7518\u60c5\u4e0d\u613f\u5730\u4e0a\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u8bfe\u201d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u5355\u4f4d\u91cc\u88ab\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8c08\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bb2\u5fc3\u5f97\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5173\u5fc3\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u81ea\u4fe1\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u505a\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u50cf\u5b69\u5b50\u4f9d\u9760\u7236\u6bcd\u6216\u5974\u96b6\u4f9d\u9760\u4e3b\u5b50\u90a3\u6837\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4ed6\u75db\u6068\u5974\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u75db\u6068\u522b\u4eba\u628a\u4ed6\u5f53\u5bb6\u5974\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u628a\u50cf\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd9\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u968f\u968f\u4fbf\u4fbf\u4ea4\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u8ba9\u4e0d\u5982\u4f60\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f60\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53d8\u6210\u4f60\u7684\u4e3b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u628a\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u80fd\u4ece\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e50\u8da3\uff0c\u5f53\u516c\u6c11\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u8363\u8a89\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u73cd\u8d35\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e50\u6b64\u4e0d\u75b2\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u628a\u9009\u4e3e\u65e5\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u628a\u9009\u4e3e\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u5171\u5e86\u5178\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u6316\u82e6\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e00\u4e8b\u65e0\u6210\uff0c\u4e71\u8c61\u4e1b\u751f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u53f0\u6e7e\u4eba\u90fd\u70ed\u7231\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u526f\u4e1a\u3002\u5728\u5927\u9646\u7684\u53f0\u6e7e\u4eba\u4f1a\u4e70\u4e86\u98de\u673a\u7968\u8d76\u56de\u53f0\u6e7e\u53bb\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u65c5\u9014\u7684\u82b1\u8d39\u548c\u52b3\u7d2f\u5168\u90fd\u5728\u6240\u4e0d\u60dc\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u5927\u9646\u4eba\u5230\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u56de\u5bb6\u8fc7\u5e74\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u706b\u8f66\u518d\u6324\uff0c\u8f66\u7968\u518d\u96be\u5356\u3001\u518d\u8d35\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u963b\u6321\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u80fd\u4f53\u4f1a\u4e00\u79cd\u53ec\u5524\u7684\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u4f53\u4f1a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53ec\u5524\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u526f\u4e1a\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ece\u4e8b\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u635e\u5230\u4e00\u5b98\u534a\u804c\uff0c\u6216\u5f97\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u6cb9\u6c34\u3001\u5f85\u9047\u6216\u5916\u5feb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u526f\u4e1a\u624d\u66f4\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u53ec\u5524\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u4f1a\u6709\u8bb2\u7a76\u5b9e\u60e0\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u613f\u3001\u4e0d\u5c51\u62c5\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u526f\u4e1a\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u8981\u7d27\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u60e0\u548c\u597d\u5904\u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u6210\u5168\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u771f\u6b63\u628a\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5f53\u526f\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u526f\u4e1a\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u4e89\u53d6\u5165\u515a\u6216\u63d0\u62d4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u9c9c\u8840\u6db2\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u201d\uff0c<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5f53\u4eba\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u6216\u653f\u534f\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u50cf\u201c\u4eba\u5927\u6d3b\u5316\u77f3\u201d\u7533\u7eaa\u5170\u90a3\u6837\u53ea\u7ba1\u6bcf\u5e74\u5f00\u4f1a\u4e3e\u624b\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p ALIGN=\"center\">\n<span><br \/>\n\u4e8c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\"><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u96ea\u8389\u00b7\u5b89\u65af\u5766<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">(Sherry R.<br \/>\nArnstein)<\/span><span>\u6307\u51fa\uff1a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u7684\u518d\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u4f7f\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u638c\u63e1\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u89c1\u5728\u672a\u6765\u80fd\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u5730\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u8003\u8651<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u4f20\u8fbe\u548c\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u81ea\u4ece\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u96c5\u5178\u57ce\u90a6\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9e\u8df5\u5931\u8d25\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u7cbe\u82f1\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5219\u4e00\u76f4\u53d7\u5230\u51b7\u843d\u3002\u968f\u7740\u653f\u5e9c\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u9762\u4e34\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u53d1\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5b89\u65af\u5766\u5728\u5979\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u300b\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">A Ladder of Citizen<br \/>\nParticipation<\/span><span>\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">1969<\/span><span>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">8<\/span><span>\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">3<\/span><span>\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u64cd\u7eb5\u7684<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u65e0\u53c2\u4e0e<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Nonparticipation<\/span><span>\uff09\uff08\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">8<\/span><span>\u5c42\u4e2d\u6700\u5e95\u4e0b\u7684\u4e24\u5c42\uff1a\u7b2c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">1<\/span><span>\u5c42\u662f\u662f\u88ab\u64cd\u7eb5\u548c\u88ab\u64cd\u63a7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6d89\u5165\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u201c\u5168\u65e0<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u673a\u4f1a\u6216\u53c2\u4e0e\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u66b4\u529b\u7ef4\u7a33\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0a\u8bbf\u9e23\u4e0d\u5e73\uff0c\u90a3\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7f6a\u8fc7\uff0c\u628a\u4f60\u6293\u8d77\u6765\u52b3\u6559\u6216\u8005\u9001\u5230\u795e\u7ecf\u75c5\u533b\u9662\u91cc\u53bb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8981\u6c42\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/space\/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%8E%8B%E5%80%92%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87\" target=\"_blank\">\u7a33\u5b9a\u538b\u5012\u4e00\u5207<\/a>\u201d\u3002\u7b2c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">2<\/span><span>\u5c42\u662f\u6559\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u53eb\u653f\u7b56\u6cbb\u7597<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">(<br \/>\nTherapy )<\/span><span>\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u516c\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u884c\u65e0\u987b\u516c\u6c11\u6d89\u5165\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u8fd0\u884c\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u610f\u5fd7\u5355\u65b9\u8d2f\u5f7b\u3002\u6211\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u867d\u65e0\u6c11\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u505a\u597d\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u5f15\u5bfc\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f04\u901a\u601d\u60f3\u201d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u53c2\u4e0e\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Degrees of tokenism<\/span><span>\uff09\u5305\u62ec<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">3<\/span><span>\u81f3<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">5<\/span><span>\u7684\u4e09\u5c42\u3002\u7b2c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">3<\/span><span>\u5c42\u662f\u901a\u544a\u51b3\u5b9a\u548c\u544a\u77e5\u653f\u7b56<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">( Informing<br \/>\n)<\/span><span>\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8ba9\u7fa4\u4f17\u4e86\u89e3\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u8d2f\u5f7b\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u5355\u5411\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f60\u7167\u529e\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8981\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e5f\u8981\u6267\u884c\u3002\u7b2c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">4<\/span><span>\u5c42\u662f\u54a8\u8be2\u548c\u534f\u5546<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">( Consultation<br \/>\n)<\/span><span>\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u516c\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u201c\u542c\u542c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u7fa4\u4f17\u547c\u58f0\u201d\uff0c\u5b9a\u671f\u53ec\u5f00<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u534f\u5546\u4f1a\u8bae<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e0b\u60c5\u80fd\u591f\u4e0a\u8fbe\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u519c\u6c11\u5de5\u4ee3\u8868\u8fdb\u5165\u4eba\u5927\u53cd\u6620\u519c\u6c11\u5de5<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u5fc3\u58f0<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u3002\u7b2c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">5<\/span><span>\u5c42\u662f\u529d\u89e3\u3001\u5b89\u629a<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">(<br \/>\nPlacation )<\/span><span>\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u9ebb\u70e6\u800c\u68d8\u624b\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd0\u4f5c\u91c7\u53d6\u6709\u9650\u5bb9\u5fcd\u6216\u5f00\u660e\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8981\u653e\u5c31\u653e\uff0c\u8981\u6536\u5c31\u6536\uff0c\u5f00\u653e\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u53e3\u60e0\u7684\u5141\u8bb8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u529b\u6216\u516c\u6c11\u529b\u91cf\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Citizen power<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">3<\/span><span>\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u6548\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u7b2c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">6<\/span><span>\u5c42\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d ( Partnership<br \/>\n)<\/span><span>\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e0b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u539f\u5219\u662f\u900f\u8fc7\u6743\u529b\u7684\u900f\u660e\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u8ba9\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u6c11\u95f4\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u5171\u540c\u6cbb\u7406\u3002\u7b2c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">7<\/span><span>\u5c42\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u6388\u4e88\u6743\u529b<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d( Delegated Power<br \/>\n)<\/span><span>\uff1a\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u516c\u6743\u529b\u5728\u5baa\u653f\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u4e2d\u88ab\u6388\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u662f\u6307\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u6743\u3002\u5c42\u6b21\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7b2c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">8<\/span><span>\u5c42\u662f<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u516c\u6c11\u529b\u91cf<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d ( Citizen<br \/>\nPower)<\/span><span>\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5404\u9879\u653f\u7b56\u6027\u6216\u4e8b\u52a1\u6027\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u6765\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u56de\u9988\u6765\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6574\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u65e0\u53c2\u4e0e\u5373\u65e0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u5f53\u4f5c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\uff0c\u90a3\u4fbf\u662f\u4ed6\u8981\u6709\u6240\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u516c\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u548c\u8868\u51b3\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\uff0c\u6295\u7968\u548c\u8868\u51b3\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u529b\u7684\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u516c\u6c11\u4eec\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5b83\u65e0\u53ef\u5948\u4f55\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u5173\u5230\u7b3c\u5b50\u91cc\u53bb\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f88\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u5f88\u80ae\u810f\uff0c\u5f88\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u5f88\u60b2\u89c2\u3001\u72ac\u5112\u3001\u7262\u9a9a\u6ee1\u8179\u3001\u6124\u4e16\u5ac9\u4fd7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5fb7\u514b\u68ee\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u574f\u4e8b\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u8d2a\u6c61\u53d7\u8d3f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u8d25\u574f\u7b49\u540c\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u53e4\u5f80\u4eca\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62b9\u9ed1\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8bdd\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0d\u80fd\u9009\u4e3e\u5b98\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u201d\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u72ac\u5112\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u751f\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5bbf\u547d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u4ece\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u7684\u6210\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u653e\u5f03\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u671d\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fd8\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u4e3a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u513f\u7ae5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u54c8\u7279\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Roger Hart<\/span><span>\uff09\u5728\u9887\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u300a\u513f\u7ae5\u53c2\u4e0e\u300b\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Children\u2019s Participation,<br \/>\n1997<\/span><span>\uff09\u4e2d\u8fd0\u7528\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u300b\uff0c\u5bf9\u9752\u5e74\u53c2\u4e0e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u201c\u9752\u5e74\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u201d\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Ladder of Youth<br \/>\nParticipation<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u8457\u540d\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2d\u56fd\u6210\u5e74\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u5e7c\u7ae5\u8bdd\uff0c\u5728\u601d\u8003\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u80fd\u529b\u4e0a\u957f\u671f\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u957f\u4e0d\u5927\u201d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">5<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">13<\/span><span>\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u6587\u611f\u53f9\u9053\uff1a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u4e00\u591c\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">80<\/span><span>\u540e\u4e00\u4ee3\u96c6\u4f53\u53d8<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u8001<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u4e86\u3002\u5148\u662f\u6000\u65e7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5531\u7740<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u8001\u7537\u5b69<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\uff0c\u611f\u53f9\u6d88\u901d\u5728\u8bb0\u5fc6\u91cc\u7a7f\u7740\u6d77\u9b42\u886b\u76ae\u51c9\u978b\u7684\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u6000\u5ff5\u770b\u8fc7\u7684\u8fde\u73af\u753b\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\u4e00\u8d77\u8ffd\u8fc7\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u3002\u518d\u662f\u53f9\u8001\u3002\u4e00\u7fa4\u5728\u7236\u6bcd\u770b\u6765\u8fd8\u662f\u5c0f\u5b69\u7684<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">80<\/span><span>\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u6bd4\u81ea\u5df1\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69\u9762\u524d\u5927\u53f9<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u8001\u4e86<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5a92\u4f53\u5206\u6790\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ee3\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5f97\u66ae\u6c14\u6c89\u6c89\uff0c\u662f\u88ab\u751f\u6d3b\u538b\u57ae\u7684\u2014\u2014\u9ad8\u4ef7\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u548c\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u548c\u8f66\u5b50\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5c31\u4e1a\u96be\u4e86\u3002\u6743\u5a01\u7edf\u8ba1\u663e\u793a\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">2013<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5168\u56fd\u666e\u901a\u9ad8\u6821\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u89c4\u6a21\u5c06\u8fbe\u5230<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">699<\/span><span>\u4e07\uff0c\u88ab\u5a92\u4f53\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u96be\u5c31\u4e1a\u5b63<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u3002\u5c31\u4e1a\u5927\u519b\u4e2d\u65e2\u6709<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">90<\/span><span>\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">80<\/span><span>\u540e<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">(<\/span><span>\u7855\u58eb\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u3001\u535a\u58eb\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">)<\/span><span>\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u96be\u627e\uff0c\u5fc3\u529b\u4ea4\u7601\uff0c\u6101\u7709\u4e0d\u5c55\uff0c\u54ea\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u9510\u6c14\u53ef\u8a00\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n<span><br \/>\n\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\u5206\u6790\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u7740\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f53\u7136\u90fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ea\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u522b\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4e0d\u77e5\u8981\u6bd4\u73b0\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u60a3\u201c\u65e9\u66ae\u75c7\u201d\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u8d77\u60a3\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u201c\u65e9\u66ae\u75c7\u201d\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u54c8\u7279\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u6000\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fdd\u6301\u9752\u6625\u671d\u6c14\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u201c\u5438\u5f15\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u54c8\u7279\u5728\u4e66\u91cc\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u9752\u5e74\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u201d\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Ladder of Youth<br \/>\nParticipation<\/span><span>\uff09\u3002\u54c8\u7279\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u6210\u4eba\u77ee\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u5c48\u4ece\u4e0e\u201c\u5927\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u201c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u201c\u5927\u4eba\u201d\u7231\u597d\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u7ba1\u6559\u548c\u7ea6\u675f\u4ed6\u4eec\u3001\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u6210\u957f\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6b63\u5728\u6216\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u662f\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3b\u52a8\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u62c5\u5f53\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u5927\u4eba\u201d\u4eec\u66f4\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u66f4\u53d7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n<span><br \/>\n\u54c8\u7279\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u9752\u5e74\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u201d\u6709\u516b\u5c42\uff0c\u4ece\u53c2\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ece\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u5230\u201c\u6709\u201d\u518d\u5230\u201c\u5f3a\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">3<\/span><span>\u7c7b\uff1a\u65e0\u53c2\u4e0e\uff08\u4e0e\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u800c\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\uff09\u3001\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u4e0e\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u4f19\u4f34\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u201c\u65e0\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\uff08\u5e95\u5c42\uff09\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42\u201c\u88ab\u64cd\u7eb5\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5f53\u70b9\u7f00\u201d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u201c\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u3001\u4e94\u5c42\u5206\u522b\u662f\u201c\u5f53\u6446\u8bbe\u201d\u3001\u201c\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u201d\u548c\u201c\u542c\u542c\u610f\u89c1\u201d\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u5927\u4eba\u201d\u4eec\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u88ab\u52a8\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\u201c\u4e0e\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u662f\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u3001\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u4e09\u5c42\u5206\u522b\u662f\u201c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u4eba\u683c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">equality,<\/span><span>\u5982\u7ecf\u7406\u548c\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u5730\u4f4d\u4ecd\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u63a8\u52a8\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">equity<\/span><span>\uff0c\u540c\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u540c\u7b49\u8d23\u4efb\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u6a21\u5f0f\u8ba9\u9752\u5e74\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201d\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u662f\u53e3\u60e0\u8bb8\u8bfa\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u54c8\u7279\u7684\u4e66\u91cc\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u628a\u96ea\u8389\u00b7\u5b89\u65af\u5766\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u201d\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u6b8a\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u597d\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6709\u5fc3\u4eba\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4f5c\u51fa\u6559\u6388\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u3001\u4e13\u5bb6\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u3001\u8bb0\u8005\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u53c2\u4e0e\u9636\u68af\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p ALIGN=\"center\">\n<span><br \/>\n\u4e09<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\"><span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u591a\u5634\u548c\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u9009\u6c11\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9009\u6c11\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff08\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u9009\u6c11\u65f6\u4e89\u53d6\u505a\u9009\u6c11\uff09\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u4e1a\u4f59\u201d\u8d21\u732e<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u2014\u2014\u542f\u8499\u548c\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u6240\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u4e1a\u4f59\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\u6709\u5173\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u3002\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u81ea\u5df2\u4e1a\u4f59\u7684\u6216\u526f\u4e1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u5f53\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e13\u95e8\u505a\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u505a\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e1a\u4f59\u6216\u526f\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u8f88\u5b50\u90fd\u662f\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u6216\u50cf\u5fd7\u4e1a\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u201d\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u8f88\u5b50\u641e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5f53\u5e72\u90e8\uff0c\u5f53\u5b98\uff0c\u5f53\u4e86\u4e00\u8f88\u5b50\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u4e86\u8fd8\u662f\u9000\u4f11\u6216\u79bb\u4f11\u7684\u5b98\u6216\u5e72\u90e8\uff0c\u4eab\u53d7\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u3002\u5f53\u6559\u6388\u3001\u533b\u751f\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5fd7\u4e1a\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u5fd7\u4e1a\uff0c\u4f60\u4eca\u5929\u505a\u516c\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u77e5\uff0c\u4f60\u660e\u5929\u4e0d\u505a\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u516c\u77e5\u3002\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u4ee5\u524d\u66fe\u7ecf\u505a\u8fc7\u516c\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u662f\u4e2a\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u6216\u79bb\u4f11\u7684\u516c\u77e5\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e2\u662f\u6559\u6388\u53c8\u5f53\u516c\u77e5\uff0c\u505a\u6559\u6388\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5f53\u516c\u77e5\u662f\u5fd7\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5fd7\u4e1a\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7528\u82f1\u8bed\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">profession<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u6216<\/span> <span LANG=\"EN-US\">job<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u4e0e<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">vocation<\/span><span>\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u3001\u753b\u5730\u4e3a\u7262\u7684<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">profession<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a<\/span> <span LANG=\"EN-US\">professionalism,<\/span><span>\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\"><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span>\u516c\u77e5\u662f\u70ed\u7231\u81ea\u5df1\u516c\u6c11\u526f\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u675f\u7f1a\u548c\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7981\u9522\u76f8\u6bd4<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u5c0f\u95e8\u5c0f\u6237\u3001\u523b\u677f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5b66\u9662\u5316<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u4e13\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u4e00\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a92\u606f\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8428\u4f0a\u5fb7\u8bf4<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,\u201c<\/span><span>\u4e00\u5fc3\u53ea\u5f53\u4e1a\u4f59\u8005\u7684\u4eba<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,<\/span><span>\u672a\u5fc5\u50cf\u522b\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u65e0\u6240\u6536\u83b7<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,\u201d<\/span><span>\u53cd\u5012\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u7684\u559c\u6b22<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u957f\u800c\u4e45\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e50\u6b64\u4e0d\u75b2\u3002\u5728\u6709<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u5efa\u5236\u4e4b\u524d<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,<\/span><span>\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u4e0d\u90fd\u662f\u4e1a\u4f59\u7684\u5417<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">?<\/span><span>\u827a\u672f\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u7b49\u7b49\u4e0d\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u5417<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">?<\/span><span>\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u8482\u8bf4<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,<\/span><span>\u6700\u597d\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e9b<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitzers(<\/span><span>\u591a\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">),<\/span><span>\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u613f\u5145\u5f53\u4e1a\u4f59\u7684\u6587\u5316\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u3002\u5c0f\u63d0\u7434\u5927\u5e08\u6885\u7ebd\u56e0\u8bf4<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,\u201c<\/span><span>\u6211\u771f\u7684\u4f46\u613f\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e2a\u4e1a\u4f59\u7684\u63d0\u7434\u624b\u3002\u4e1a\u4f59\u7231\u597d\u8005\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u70ed\u7231\u505a\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u7ecf\u5e38\u89c9\u5f97\u90a3\u4e9b\u641e\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u618e\u6068\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u3002\u6211\u771f\u60f3\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u8c61\u4ee5\u524d\u5728\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u90a3\u6837<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,<\/span><span>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u559c\u7231\u800c\u6f14\u594f\u97f3\u4e50\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u516c\u77e5\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u4e1a\u4f59<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5fc3\u5411\u5f80\u4e4b\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u4e1a\u4f59<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u5bf9\u516c\u77e5\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u629b\u5f00\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u95e8\u6237\u4e4b\u89c1\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u6765\u72ec\u5f80\uff09<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,<\/span><span>\u662f\u4e0d\u8bbe\u601d\u60f3\u7981\u533a\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u65e0\u59a5\u534f\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u559c\u6b22\u505a\u800c\u53bb\u505a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">(<\/span><span>\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5a31\u81ea\u4e50<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">)<\/span><span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7f57\u8482\u8bf4<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">,<\/span><span>\u6700\u597d\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e9b<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitzers<\/span><span>\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitzers<\/span><span>\u5462\uff1f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u591a\u5634\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6253\u4e71\u522b\u4eba\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662f\u3001\u81ea\u9e23\u5f97\u610f\u7684\u597d\u5fc3\u60c5\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Kibitzers<\/span><span>\u7684\u591a\u5634\u4e0d\u662f\u751c\u8a00\u871c\u8bed\u3001\u6b4c\u529f\u9882\u5fb7\uff0c\u8bf4\u597d\u542c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u4e9b\u672a\u5fc5\u4e2d\u542c\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8bf4\u7684\u771f\u8bdd\uff0c\u7528\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u6709\u7259\u9f7f\u7684\u5634\u91cc\u8bf4\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u5728\u300a\u67e5\u62c9\u56fe\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u5982\u662f\u8bf4\u300b\u91cc\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u5f20\u6ca1\u6709\u7259\u9f7f\u7684\u5634\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u6709\u8bf4\u51fa\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u6b64\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u5634\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u90fd\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7259\u9f7f\u7684\u5634\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5634\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u6709\u8bf4\u51fa\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Kibitzer<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u662f\u4ece\u4e0d\u53ca\u7269\u52a8\u8bcd<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitz<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u610f\u5730\u7eea\u8bed\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u901a\u7528\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u610f\u601d\u7279\u6307\u724c\u620f\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u591a\u5634\u3001\u4e71\u51fa\u4e3b\u610f\u3001\u591a\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u6307\u5176\u4ed6\u60f9\u4eba\u4e0d\u9ad8\u5174\u7684\u591a\u5634\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6751\u5b50\u91cc\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u4eba\u559d\u9189\u4e86\u9152\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u6253\u8001\u5a46\uff0c\u90bb\u5c45\u770b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u7ad9\u51fa\u6765\u53eb\u9189\u6c49\u4f4f\u624b\uff0c\u9189\u6c49\u8981\u662f\u6492\u91ce\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6328\u90bb\u5c45\u4e00\u987f\u63cd\u3002\u6253\u8001\u5a46\u7684\u4f1a\u575a\u6301\u90a3\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5916\u4eba\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u662f\u5e72\u6d89\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u5185\u653f\u201d\u3002\u88ab\u4eba\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u670d\u6c14\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d8a\u662f\u7406\u4e8f\u8d8a\u662f\u4e0d\u670d\u6c14\uff0c\u8d8a\u4e0d\u8ba4\u9519\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Kibitz<\/span><span>\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f15\u7533\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u4e00\u8a00\u6211\u4e00\u8bed\u5730\u8bae\u8bba\u7eb7\u7eb7\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u8c08\u7740\u8c08\u7740\uff0c\u5c31\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\u522b\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u9762\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u56f4\u89c2\u5f0f\u8bae\u8bba\uff0c\u7528<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitz<\/span><span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\u7684\u771f\u8bdd\uff0c\u53d1\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8bae\u8bba\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u662f\u201c\u771f\u201d\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u53eb<\/span> <span LANG=\"EN-US\">the inconvenient<br \/>\ntruth<\/span><span>\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u771f\u8bdd\u201d\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u5e74\u6211\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u505a\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4e2d\u5927\u7684\u718a\u666f\u660e\u5bf9\u6211\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u5fe0\u8a00\u9006\u8033\u201d\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitz<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u8bf4\u7684\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u201c\u5fe0\u8a00\u201d\uff0c\u8861\u91cf\u8be5\u4e0d\u8be5\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u662f\u5426\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5fe0\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u5fe0\u3002\u4f60\u518d\u5fe0\u5fc3\uff0c\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\u4e0d\u4e2d\u542c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4f60\u6253\u6210\u201c\u9006\u8d3c\u201d\u5417\uff1f\u53cd\u53f3\u8fd0\u52a8\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u641e\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u8bf4\u771f\u8bdd\u7684<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitz<\/span><span>\uff0c\u5b89\u5f92\u751f\u7ae5\u8bdd\u300a\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u65b0\u8863\u300b\u91cc\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5b69\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><br \/>\n<span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitzer<\/span><\/span><span>\u3002\u5199\u300a\u6587\u9769\u53d7\u96be\u8005\u300b\u7684\u738b\u53cb\u7434\uff0c\u5199\u300a\u5893\u7891\u300b\u7684\u6768\u7ee7\u7ef3\uff0c\u62a5\u9053<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">SARS<\/span><span>\u3001\u6bd2\u725b\u5976\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ea2\u5341\u5b57\u4f1a\u3001\u9a6c\u4e09\u5bb6\u5973\u5b50\u52b3\u6559\u6240\u7684\u8bb0\u8005\u548c\u5a92\u4f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitzers.<\/span><br \/>\n<span><br \/>\n\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u638c\u63e1\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u5185\u5e55\u6216\u673a\u5bc6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u51ed\u4ec0\u4e48\u6307\u6307\u70b9\u70b9\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e09\u8bba\u56db\uff1f\u4e0d\u51ed\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u51ed\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u597d\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitzers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Kibitz<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4ed7\u4e49\u6267\u8a00\u3002\u8bf4\u201c\u8def\u89c1\u4e0d\u5e73\uff0c\u62d4\u5200\u76f8\u52a9\u201d\u6709\u70b9\u5938\u5f20\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u4ed7\u4e49\u6267\u8a00\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u7684\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u3001\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u90fd\u5e02\u8ba1\u89c4\u5212\u754c\u7684\u4f20\u5947\u4eba\u7269\u73cd\uff0e\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\uff08<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Jane<br \/>\nJacobs<\/span><span>\uff0c<\/span><i><span LANG=\"EN-US\">The Death and Life of<br \/>\nGreat American Cities<\/span><\/i><span>\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">1961<\/span><span>\u3002\u5979<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">2006<\/span><span>\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\uff09\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90fd\u5e02\u91cc\u90fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitzers<\/span><span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8857\u4e0a\u8d70\u8def\u65f6\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u5fc3\u601d\u53ea\u7ba1\u81ea\u5df1\u8d70\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f1a\u773c\u89c2\u56db\u5468\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e1c\u5f20\u897f\u671b\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d70\u8fc7\u53bb\u8bf4\u4e0a\u51e0\u53e5\uff0c\u8981\u662f\u770b\u5230\u6709\u4e0d\u5e73\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0a\u53bb\u5e72\u6d89\uff0c\u5c0f\u5077\u3001\u5730\u75de\u3001\u6d41\u6c13\u6700\u8ba8\u538c\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u5634\u7684\uff0c\u7231\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684<\/span><br \/>\n<span LANG=\"EN-US\">kibitzers.<\/span> <span><br \/>\n\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4f7f\u8857\u9053\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u5728\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u5634\u548c\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u662f\u574f\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u8fd8\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8857\u9053\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u98ce\u6c14\u8fd9\u4e48\u574f\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u8fd9\u4e48\u7cdf\u7cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u613f\u610f\u591a\u5634\uff0c\u613f\u610f\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\u5374\u53c8\u7279\u522b\u5c11\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u51fa\u6765\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u516c\u77e5\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u9a82\u6210\u201c\u81ed\u516c\u77e5\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u6709\u8001\u592a\u592a\u8dcc\u5012\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u6709\u70ed\u5fc3\u4eba\u524d\u53bb\u6400\u6276\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53cd\u88ab\u8bb9\u8bc8\u6210\u649e\u5012\u8001\u592a\u592a\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u65c1\u89c2\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u8d23\u602a\u70ed\u5fc3\u4eba\u201c\u5403\u9971\u4e86\u6491\u7684\u201d\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u662f\u975e\u98a0\u5012\uff0c\u5584\u6076\u4e0d\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u53c8\u600e\u4e48\u80fd\u597d\u8d77\u6765\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u89c2\u68cb\u4e0d\u8bed\u771f\u541b\u5b50\u201d\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">Kibitzers<\/span><span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u89c2\u68cb\u6709\u8bed\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u89c2\u68cb\u4e0d\u8bed\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u89c2\u68cb\u4e0d\u8bed\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u53ea\u770b\u70ed\u95f9\uff0c\u770b\u7a00\u5947\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u5916\u7684\u508d\u89c2\u8005\u3002\u201c\u89c2\u68cb\u4e0d\u8bed\u771f\u541b\u5b50\u201d\u8fd9\u53e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8001\u8bdd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u548c\u516c\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u662f\u4e0e\u201c\u5404\u4eba\u81ea\u626b\u95e8\u524d\u96ea\u3001\u83ab\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eba\u74e6\u4e0a\u971c\u201d\u540c\u6837\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5c40\u5185\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u58eb\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u5b98\u7684\u548c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u51fa\u8c0b\u5212\u7b56\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u541b\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u76d1\u7763\u4ed6\u4eec\u3001\u6279\u8bc4\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u4eec\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u516c\u77e5\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u7ed9\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\u4eec\u5e26\u4e86\u4e2a\u5934\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u8fd8\u8981\u7531\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u591a\u5634\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u591a\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n<span><br \/>\n\u516c\u77e5\u4e0d\u5149\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u8981\u591a\u5634\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u8bf4\u670d\u522b\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u59a8\u591a\u5634\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\u3001\u6709\u6b3a\u9a97\u5acc\u7591\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5c31\u628a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u516c\u77e5\u8981\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u662f\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u95f2\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u201c\u591a\u5634\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002\u516c\u77e5\u8fd8\u8981\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u591a\u5634\u8981\u8bb2\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u5148\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8981\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u7406\u73b0\u5728\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\u8fd8\u5b66\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u516c\u77e5\u8981\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6765\u8c08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u77e5\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u542f\u8499\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n<span><br \/>\n\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6295\u7968\u548c\u8868\u51b3\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u591a\u5634\u4fbf\u683c\u5916\u4e0d\u80fd\u7f3a\u5c11\u3002\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u5f3a\u8c03\u96c6\u793e\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u96c6\u793e\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u7528\u5634\u5df4\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c<\/span><span>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u80fd\u7528\u5634\u5df4\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u793e\u56e2\u91cc\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u793e\u56e2\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7f51\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5fae\u535a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u5199\u77ed\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u4eca\u5929\u8fd9\u6837\u5750\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u4e00\u4e0b\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u4e50\u4e8e\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u51e1\u662f\u4e0d\u51c6\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u793e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7ed3\u793e\u4e5f\u6781\u5c11\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7ed3\u793e\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u793e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u4e00\u822c\u7ed3\u793e\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u793e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u793e\u53c8\u80fd\u4f7f\u4e00\u822c\u7ed3\u793e\u5f97\u5230\u957f\u8db3\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u60ca\u4eba\u5b8c\u5584<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7ed3\u793e\u5f80\u5f80\u5171\u529e\u5c0f\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u793e\u5219\u90fd\u4e3a\u529e\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u5171\u529e\u5c0f\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0d\u89c9\u4e4b\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u83b7\u5f97\u5171\u529e\u5927\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7ed3\u793e\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u5c31\u662f\u7ed3\u793e\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u5f53\u516c\u6c11\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ed3\u793e\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u793e\u89c6\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u548c\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u628a\u5b83\u653e\u5728\u5fc3\u4e0a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u51c6\u8bb8\u516c\u6c11\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u5747\u53ef\u81ea\u7531\u7ed3\u793e\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u7ed3\u793e\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u901a\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u60f3\u5230\u7ed3\u793e\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u7ed3\u793e\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u5728\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u5b83\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u90fd\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u5b83<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u793e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201c<\/span><span>\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7ed3\u793e\u4e5f\u603b\u662f\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7f3a\u4e4f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u719f\u7ec3\u7684\u8fd0\u8425\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8f\u4f1f\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u6216\u6709\u800c\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">\u201d<\/span><span>\u3002<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\"><span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><br \/>\n\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u662f<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">1835<\/span><span>\u5e74\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u662f\u5728<\/span><span LANG=\"EN-US\">180<\/span><span>\u5e74\u524d\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u867d\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u7ed3\u793e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u591a\u5634\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u522b\u7684\u573a\u5408\u7ed9\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u591a\u5634\u7684\u8bba\u575b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u95ed\u4e0a\u5634\u5df4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5728\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7528\u5634\u5df4\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e94\u666f\u8ba8\u597d\u7684\u5047\u8bdd\u548c\u7a7a\u8bdd\u3002\u6211\u5199\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6536\u5728\u300a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u300b\u548c\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u8fd9\u4e24\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u591a\u5634\u548c\u7ba1\u95f2\u4e8b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0d\u89c1\u5f97\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u9ad8\u6df1\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u8bf4\u7684\u90fd\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5e73\u5e38\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u672c\u8eab\u6216\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u526f\u4e1a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5e73\u5e38\u4eba\u80fd\u61c2\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5e73\u5e38\u4eba\u80fd\u6709\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u8ba4\u771f\u771f\u53bb\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img 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\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u90fd\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u201c\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u50cf\u6587\u9769\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u6b8b\u9177\u6597\u4e89\u3001\u9634\u8c0b\u8be1\u8ba1\u3001\u4f60\u6b7b\u6211\u6d3b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u6211\u6240\u7528\u7684\u201c\u526f\u4e1a\u201d\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5728\u4e66\u7684\u201c\u5e8f\u201d\u91cc\u6240\u4ea4\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df2\u6545\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u5dde\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u57c3\u5f17\u96f7\u7279 \u00b7 \u5fb7\u514b\u68ee\uff08 Everett Dirksen, 1951-1969 \u4efb\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\uff09\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u5e2d\u8bdd\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u6765\u4ea4\u7ed9 \u2018 \u522b\u4eba \u2019 \u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u6307\u6325\u4eba\u95f4\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u6700\u597d\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u548c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u526f\u4e1a\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u5f85\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u574f\u4e8b\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u8d2a\u6c61\u53d7\u8d3f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u8d25\u574f\u7b49\u540c\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u53e4\u5f80\u4eca\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62b9\u9ed1\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8bdd\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0d\u80fd\u9009\u4e3e\u5b98\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u8511\u89c6\u4e00\u5207\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u8005\u5e76\u8d2c\u4f4e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u52a8\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8511\u89c6\u9009\u4e3e\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014 \u5373\u9009\u6c11\u3002\u201d\u539f\u6587\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a \u00a0 Politics is not something you can afford to leave to \u201cother people.\u201d Since politics is the art of ordering the affairs of men through government, it should be the vocation of the very best in this Republic and the avocation of all. \u00a0 There have been many who seem to equate politics with that which is bad, that which is corrupt, that which is venal, and that which is corrosive of our moral fiber<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1004,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","ampforwp-amp-on-off":"","home_featured":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[9203],"tags":[9400],"class_list":["post-297726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","tag-9400","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/297726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1004"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=297726"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/297726\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=297726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=297726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=297726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}