{"id":334404,"date":"2014-02-24T04:47:04","date_gmt":"2014-02-24T12:47:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/2014\/02\/%e7%88%b1%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%ef%bd%9c%e4%bd%99%e8%8b%b1%e6%97%b6%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e8%bd%b4%e5%bf%83%e7%aa%81%e7%a0%b4%e5%8f%8a%e5%85%b6%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e8%bf%9b%e7%a8%8b\/"},"modified":"2017-02-21T15:47:15","modified_gmt":"2017-02-21T23:47:15","slug":"%e7%88%b1%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%ef%bd%9c%e4%bd%99%e8%8b%b1%e6%97%b6%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e8%bd%b4%e5%bf%83%e7%aa%81%e7%a0%b4%e5%8f%8a%e5%85%b6%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e8%bf%9b%e7%a8%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/chinese\/334404.html","title":{"rendered":"\u7231\u601d\u60f3\uff5c\u4f59\u82f1\u65f6\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u53ca\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u300a\u8bba\u5929\u4eba\u4e4b\u9645\u300b\u4ee3\u5e8f\u4e0e\u8dcb"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 <strong>\u300a\u8bba\u5929\u4eba\u4e4b\u9645\u300b\u4ee3\u5e8f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u8bba\u5929\u4eba\u4e4b\u9645\u300b\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u672c\u4e66\u201d\uff09\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4e13\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8f83\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u53e4\u6587\u5316\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7279\u8272\u624d\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u5730\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6211\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u9898\u65e9\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u59cb\u7ec8\u672a\u65ad\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5c55\u5f00\u8f83\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u4e03\u5e74\u6211\u64b0\u5199\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff08\u6536\u5728\u6211\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u9636\u5c42\u53f2\u8bba\uff0c\u8054\u7ecf\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u3007\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u56db\u8282\u9898\u4f5c\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\uff08\u201cPhilosophic breakthrough\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u672c\u4e66\u6574\u4f53\u6784\u60f3\u7684\u53d1\u7aef\u3002\u4f46\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u5df2\u4e00\u5f8b\u6539\u4f5c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\uff08\u201cAxial breakthrough\u201d\uff09\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u4ea4\u4ee3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u4e00\u5957\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\uff08Karl Jaspers\uff0c1883-1969\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\uff08The Origin and Goal of History\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\uff08\u5fb7\u6587\u539f\u672c\u6210\u4e66\u4e8e1949\u5e74\uff09\u4f46\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u4e94\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u5c1a\u672a\u666e\u904d\u6d41\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e13\u8bba\u4e2d\u867d\u63d0\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff08\u6309\uff1a\u6587\u4e2d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u67a2\u7ebd\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6240\u77e5\u4e0d\u6df1\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u8f7b\u6613\u653e\u8fc7\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u6240\u7528\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5219\u501f\u81ea\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\uff08Talcott Parsons\uff0c1902-1979\uff09\uff0c\u89c1\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\u97e6\u4f2f\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b\uff08Max Weber\uff0cThe Sociology of Religion\uff0c1964\uff09\u6240\u5199\u7684\u201c\u5f15\u8bba\u201d\uff08Introduction\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e15\u6c0f\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u53d1\uff1a\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5343\u7eaa\uff08the first millennium B.C.\uff09\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u4ee5\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u522b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u2026\u2026\u7684\u4f53\u8ba4\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u90fd\u8df3\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u662f\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5927\u6982\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5c3d\u4eba\u7686\u77e5\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e76\u65e0\u4e00\u5b57\u63d0\u53ca\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u53ca\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ee5\u4e3a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u51fa\u4e8e\u97e6\u4f2f\u6709\u5173\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u5b97\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u521b\u83b7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u611f\u89c9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u6b63\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6beb\u4e0d\u8fdf\u7591\u5730\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u3007\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u827e\u68ee\u65af\u5854\uff08Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt\uff0c1923-2010\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff08\u201cAxial civilization\u201d\uff09\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7814\u8ba8\uff0c\u5176\u98ce\u81f3\u4eca\u672a\u8870\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u5b97\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d1d\u62c9\uff08Robert N. Bellah\uff09\u7684Religion in Human Evolution\uff1aFrom the Paleolithic to the Axial Age\uff08Harvard University Press\uff0c2011\uff09\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6cf0\u52d2\uff08Charles Taylor\uff09\u7684Dilemmas and Connections\uff0cSelected Essays\uff08Harvard University Press\uff0c2011\uff09\u90fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u9898\u65e8\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u5df2\u83b7\u5f97\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u201c\u543e\u4ece\u4f17\u201d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u7406\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u613f\u610f\u501f\u6b64\u673a\u4f1a\u7b80\u7565\u5730\u4ea4\u4ee3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a\u6211\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9009\u62e9\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5207\u5165\u70b9\uff1f\u6982\u62ec\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\u6700\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u6211\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u8fdb\u8def\u4ee5\u51f8\u663e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u8272\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u800c\u6211\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u65e9\u4fbf\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u5219\u548c\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u8bfb\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5728\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5e74\u8bfb\u5230\u80e1\u9002\uff081891-1962\uff09\u8bc4\u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\uff081893-1988\uff09\u300a\u4e1c\u897f\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u63a5\u7740\u6211\u53c8\u627e\u5230\u6881\u7684\u539f\u4e66\u6765\u5bf9\u7740\u8bfb\u3002\u5766\u767d\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ee5\u6211\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6881\u5148\u751f\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8bae\u8bba\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u751a\u4e86\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u5f02\u540c\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u6b32\u671b\u5374\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ece\u6b64\u957f\u5728\u5fc3\u5934\uff0c\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u5b66\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e0c\u671b\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5bfb\u627e\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u6240\u5728\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u53f2\u5b66\u754c\u5df2\u7b3c\u7f69\u5728\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u201d\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u62ec\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u53d7\u5230\u725b\u987f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5df2\u9887\u6709\u4eba\uff08\u5982\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20Montesquieu\uff0c1689-1755\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3b\u5f20\u7528\u725b\u987f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u6587\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u800c\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4fbf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u5b54\u5fb7\uff08Auguste Comte\uff0c1798-1857\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff08Karl 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mode of production\u201d\uff09\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u56de\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u6240\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u90a3\u66f4\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u9650\u4e8e\u897f\u6b27\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u4e03\u5e74\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u4fc4\u56fd\u4fe1\u5f92\u628a\u5b83\u79fb\u7528\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bfb\u540e\u6124\u6168\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u628a\u6211\u5173\u4e8e\u897f\u6b27\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u8ff0\u6f88\u5e95\u5730\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u822c\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5904\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u73af\u5883\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u8d70\u8fd9\u6761\u9053\u8def\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u8981\u8bf7\u4ed6\u539f\u8c05\u3002\uff08\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7ed9\u6211\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u8363\u8a89\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u7ed9\u6211\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u7f9e\u8fb1\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u89c1\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u51b3\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\u201d\u3002\u540e\u6765\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3a\u4e86\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u5b8c\u5168\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u201c\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u628a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5173\u4e8e\u897f\u6b27\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba\u63a8\u5e7f\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u8bba\u201d\u5728\u53f2\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u65e9\u5df2\u6709\u76ee\u5171\u7779\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6bcb\u987b\u8bcd\u8d39\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u3001\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u6587\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u60f3\u6cd5\u5df2\u9010\u6e10\u7834\u4ea7\u4e86\u3002\u5c31\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u611f\u5230\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u9650\u5236\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u591f\u5904\u7406\u201c\u4eba\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u7cbe\u81f4\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8be0\u91ca\u5b66\u8d81\u865a\u800c\u5165\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8be0\u91ca\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\uff08\u201cinterpretive social science\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u683c\u5c14\u5179\uff08Clifford Geertz\uff0c1926-2006\uff09\u4fbf\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u91c7\u53d6\u8be0\u91ca\u7acb\u573a\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5e76\u4e14\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u4e4b\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u201c\u6587\u5316\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4f5c\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u89e3\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08Max Weber\uff09\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u60ac\u6302\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7f16\u7ec7\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e4b\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u6211\u628a\u6587\u5316\u770b\u4f5c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u662f\u5bfb\u627e\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a2\u7a76\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\u4e4b\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8be0\u91ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bf9\u53f2\u5b66\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u25cb\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u897f\u65b9\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u8f6c\u5411\u6587\u5316\u53f2\uff0c\u683c\u5c14\u5179\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u63a2\u7a76\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u53d6\u4ee3\u201c\u5bfb\u627e\u89c4\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5370\u8bc1\u3002\u5c31\u53f2\u5b66\u89c2\u5ff5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u4e00\u63d0\u4f2f\u6797\uff08Isaiah Berlin\uff0c1909-1997\uff09\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u201c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8d85\u4e2a\u4eba\u52bf\u529b\u201d\uff08\u201cvastim personal forces\u201d\uff09\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f2f\u6797\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8bba\u8fa9\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7684\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u3002\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u201d\u81f3\u6b64\u5df2\u5931\u53bb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u5e7b\u5883\u4e2d\u89e3\u8131\u51fa\u6765\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4fbf\u65e0\u6cd5\u518d\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u4e2d\u3001\u897f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u843d\u540e\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5148\u8fdb\u201d\u4e4b\u522b\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e2\u4e0d\u5728\u201c\u4e2d\u53e4\u201d\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0e\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5c01\u5efa\u201d\u626f\u4e0d\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u4e0a\u53e4\uff0d\u4e2d\u53e4\uff0d\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u671f\u3001\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u201c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u201d\u8bf4\u6216\u4e00\u5ea6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u76db\u884c\u7684\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff08Modernization Theory\uff09\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u6b66\u65ad\u5730\u5047\u5b9a\u5176\u5b83\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u5c06\u4f9d\u7167\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u662f\u5178\u578b\u800c\u4e14\u5148\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u5219\u4ea6\u6b65\u4ea6\u8d8b\u5730\u8ffd\u968f\u4e8e\u540e\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u81ea\u59cb\u5373\u5bf9\u201c\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u201d\u62b1\u7740\u5f88\u5927\u7591\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u5f62\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u6bd4\u8f83\u5386\u53f2\uff08comparative history\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76\u591a\u5143\u6587\u660e\uff08\u6216\u6587\u5316\uff09\u7684\u4eba\u5219\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u660e\u62b1\u7740\u540c\u6837\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Johann Gottfried von Herder\uff0c1744-1803\uff09\u4fbf\u5df2\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u660e\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u5404\u6709\u5176\u91cd\u5fc3\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u7279\u6709\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u7cfb\u7edf\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u53bb\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\u627f\u8ba4\u6587\u660e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u591a\u5143\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5404\u6709\u5176\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u6c64\u56e0\u6bd4\uff08Arnold J. Toynbee\uff0c1889-1975\uff09\u7684\u5341\u5377\u672c\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08A Study of History\uff09\u662f\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff08civilizations\uff09\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4ee5\u6bd5\u751f\u4e4b\u529b\u52e4\u641c\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u5bf9\u53e4\u4eca\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u7684\u5174\u8870\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u524d\u9014\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6bcb\u987b\u6d89\u53ca\u6709\u5173\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u6211\u8981\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u6c64\u6069\u6bd4\u548c\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u6587\u660e\u90fd\u662f\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u867d\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u3001\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5185\u5728\u9650\u5236\u5df2\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a9\uff0c\u51b3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u7c7b\u8d70\u51fa\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u6781\u529b\u4e3b\u5f20\u897f\u65b9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u660e\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u6587\u660e\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u660e\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5112\u5b66\u6587\u660e\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u660e\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u660e\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u660e\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5165\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5f00\u8f9f\u65b0\u8def\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u3001\u7f8e\u91cd\u8981\u5b66\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u653e\u5f03\u897f\u65b9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\u8ba9\u6211\u56de\u5230\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u96c5\u6c0f\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8bf7\u770b\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u521d\u6b21\u6709\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u6562\u4e8e\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9690\u58eb\u4e0e\u6e38\u58eb\uff08\u6309\uff1a\u6307\u8001\u5b50\u3001\u5b54\u5b50\u3001\u58a8\u5b50\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u82e6\u884c\u8005\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u5148\u77e5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u5185\u5728\u7980\u6027\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6709\u591a\u5927\uff0c\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4eba\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5185\u5fc3\u4e2d\u4e0e\u6574\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u76f8\u7167\u6620\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u81ea\u6211\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u8d85\u4e4e\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6839\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u6587\u5f88\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u9762\u51e0\u53e5\u627c\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\u5df2\u8db3\u591f\u8bf4\u660e\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u6307\u4e16\u754c\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5927\u8dc3\u52a8\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u6216\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u201c\u58eb\u201d\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u201c\u82e6\u884c\u8005\u201d\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u4e4b\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u548c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4e4b\u201c\u5148\u77e5\u201d\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5185\u6db5\u4e92\u5f02\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u4ed6\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5f7b\u5e95\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff08\u201cOriental philosophy\u201d\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u671b\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u9879\u80cc\uff1b\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u90fd\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6781\u4f4e\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u5219\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5c\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u660e\u5feb\u8bba\u65ad\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5360\u636e\u7740\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u6bd4\u80a9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u6d3b\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7a81\u7834\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u90fd\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\u548c\u6c64\u6069\u6bd4\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u6001\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u672c\u4e66\u5c06\u63a5\u7740\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u3002\u9996\u5148\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6f84\u6e05\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\u548c\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u5173\u6d89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5e8f\u6587\u5f00\u7aef\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u4e03\u5e74\u6211\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u867d\u5df2\u89e6\u53ca\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\uff0c\u5374\u6d45\u5c1d\u5373\u6b62\uff0c\u672a\u52a0\u6df1\u7a76\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e03\u5e74\u6211\u8d77\u8349\u672c\u4e66\u82f1\u6587\u521d\u7a3f\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\u5df2\u6210\u663e\u5b66\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bfb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u3007\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u7684\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u548c\u6df1\u5165\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\u786e\u6709\u575a\u5f3a\u7684\u6839\u636e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u6beb\u4e0d\u8fdf\u7591\u5730\u628a\u5b83\u5f53\u4f5c\u57fa\u672c\u9884\u8bbe\u4e4b\u4e00\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a0d\u540e\u6211\u53c8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u97e6\u4f2f\u5173\u4e8e\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e0e\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\u4e4b\u95f4\u786e\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u76f8\u5370\u8bc1\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u66f4\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u6211\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u8d1d\u62c9\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u65b0\u8457\u4e2d\u8bf4\u5f97\u5f88\u7b80\u8981\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u53ea\u63d0\u5230\u4e9a\u5c14\u5f17\u52d2\u5fb7?\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08Alfred Weber\uff1b\u6309\uff1a\u5373\u9ea6\u514b\u65af?\u97e6\u4f2fMax Weber\u4e4b\u5f1f\uff09\u662f\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff08\u201caxial age\u201d\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u65e9\u5e74\u548c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af?\u97e6\u4f2f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6e0a\u6e90\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u4f4e\u4f30\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ea6\u514b\u65af?\u97e6\u4f2f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5927\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u6db5\u8574\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u201d\uff08\u201caxial-age hypothesis\u201d\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u4ed6\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u5148\u77e5\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff08\u201cprophetic age\u201d\uff09\u7b80\u76f4\u548c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f99\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5148\u77e5\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0a\u8d77\u516c\u5143\u524d\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e0b\u53ca\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd0\u52a8\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u4fbf\u662f\u7a0d\u540e\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5927\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\u97e6\u4f2f\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u6784\u60f3\u548c\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u5e76\u65e0\u4e8c\u81f4\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u89c6\u57df\u65e2\u5f02\uff0c\u540d\u79f0\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u800c\u517c\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u8bba\u65ad\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff08empirical evidence\uff09\u4e0a\u9762\uff0c\u6070\u597d\u4e0e\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u65ad\u4e92\u76f8\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4fbf\u66f4\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ee5\u5b83\u4e3a\u672c\u4e66\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8d77\u70b9\u201d\u5219\u6709\u4e24\u91cd\u6db5\u4e49\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u56db\u5927\u8f74\u5fc3\u6587\u660e\u6700\u540e\u65e0\u4e0d\u81ea\u6210\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7cbe\u795e\u53d6\u5411\u5728\u8be5\u6587\u660e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u7a81\u7834\u540e\u4e00\u76f4\u987a\u7740\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u751f\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u65ad\u8fc7\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u60c5\u5f62\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c47\u6d41\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u522b\u5177\u4e00\u683c\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\u548c\u8d77\u4f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u897f\u65b9\u4e5f\u4f9d\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u6587\u5316\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u201d\uff08\u201ccultural continuity\u201d\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5bdf\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u70b9\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5148\u79e6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5bfc\u5411\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u57fa\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u56de\u987e\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u4ee5\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u8bf4\u4e3a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u659f\u914c\u4e0e\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5076\u7136\u5174\u5230\u6216\u9707\u4e8e\u5176\u201c\u663e\u5b66\u201d\u5730\u4f4d\u800c\u7136\u3002\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u56db\u5927\u53e4\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u63a5\u89e6\u4fbf\u7acb\u5373\u53d1\u751f\u201c\u4f3c\u66fe\u76f8\u8bc6\u201d\uff08d\u00e9j\u00e0 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University Symposium\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8bb2\u8bba\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u5728\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u60f3\u8c61\u201d\uff08\u201cReligion and Imagination\uff1aGlobal Perspectives\u201d\uff09\u7684\u603b\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bae\u5206\u4e24\u5929\u4e3e\u884c\uff08\u4e94\u6708\u4e5d\u65e5\u81f3\u5341\u65e5\uff09\u3002\u81f4\u5f00\u5e55\u8f9e\u7684\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u6587\u5b66\u5956\u7684\u83ab\u91cc\u900a\u5973\u58eb\uff08Toni Morrison\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u573a\u8bb2\u8bba\u5219\u662f\u5927\u6c5f\u7684\u201c\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u60f3\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u201d\uff08\u201cBetween Literary and Religious Imagination\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u7684\u6c14\u6c1b\u662f\u5f88\u70ed\u70c8\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5e94\u9080\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u8f9e\u5728\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5ba3\u8bfb\u3002\u6211\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u793c\u4e50\u4f20\u7edf\u600e\u6837\u901a\u8fc7\u66f2\u6298\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5f15\u5bfc\u51fa\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u4e03\u5e74\u6240\u64b0\u300a\u53e4\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5df2\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u9650\u4e8e\u4f53\u4f8b\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u5c55\u5f00\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e03\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u7ed9\u6211\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a8\u9648\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u673a\u7f18\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bb2\u8f9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e13\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u88ab\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6b32\u7f62\u4e0d\u80fd\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5728\u8bfe\u4f59\u4e4b\u6687\u65ad\u65ad\u7eed\u7eed\u6269\u5927\u539f\u8bb2\u8f9e\u7684\u8bba\u65e8\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e5d\u5e74\u5199\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u82f1\u6587\u957f\u7f16\uff0c\u9898\u66f0\u201cBetween Heaven and Man\uff1aAn Essay on Origins of the Chinese Mind in Classical Antiquity\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u6709\u4e09\u81f3\u56db\u4e07\u5b57\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u8865\u5199\u8f83\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u4e13\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff08monograph\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5355\u72ec\u520a\u884c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u96c6\u601d\u5e7f\u76ca\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u672c\u6587\u90e8\u4efd\u5f71\u5370\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u4efd\uff0c\u5206\u8d60\u53cb\u751f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u83b7\u5f97\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4e3a\u6700\u540e\u4fee\u8ba2\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u4f46\u6b64\u65f6\u6211\u5df2\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0d\u89c9\u4e2d\u5377\u5165\u6731\u71b9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u548c\u4fee\u8ba2\u8ba1\u5212\u4fbf\u6401\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u53cb\u4ebaMary Evelyn Tucker\u6559\u6388\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u6709\u8fd9\u7bc7\u82f1\u6587\u8bba\u7a3f\uff0c\u575a\u9080\u6211\u5199\u4e00\u7bc7\u6982\u8981\u52a0\u5165\u5979\u6b63\u5728\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u6709\u5173\u53e4\u4ee3\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u8bba\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u662f\u201cBetween The Heavenly and The Human\u201d\uff0c\u6536\u5728Confucian Spirituality\uff0cVol. One\u4e2d\uff08edited by Tu Weiming and Mary Evelyn Tucker\uff0cNew York\uff1aCrossroad Publishing 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href=\"http:\/\/redirect.viglink.com\/?key=11fe087258b6fc0532a5ccfc924805c0&amp;u=mailto%3Aisixiang%40gmail.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">frank<\/a><br \/>\n\u53d1\u4fe1\u7ad9\uff1a\u7231\u601d\u60f3\uff08http:\/\/www.aisixiang.com\uff09\uff0c\u680f\u76ee\uff1a<a href=\"http:\/\/redirect.viglink.com\/?key=11fe087258b6fc0532a5ccfc924805c0&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisixiang.com%2Fdata%2Fsearch.php%3Flanmu%3D207\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u5929\u76ca\u5b66\u672f<\/a> &gt; <a href=\"http:\/\/redirect.viglink.com\/?key=11fe087258b6fc0532a5ccfc924805c0&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisixiang.com%2Facademic%2Flishixue.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u5386\u53f2\u5b66<\/a> &gt; <a href=\"http:\/\/redirect.viglink.com\/?key=11fe087258b6fc0532a5ccfc924805c0&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisixiang.com%2Fdata%2Fsearch.php%3Flanmu%3D727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66<\/a><br \/>\n\u672c\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1ahttp:\/\/www.aisixiang.com\/data\/72379.html<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/pixel.quantserve.com\/pixel\/p-89EKCgBk8MZdE.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p><small>\u672c\u6587\u7531\u81ea\u52a8\u805a\u5408\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53d6\u81ea\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\u7acb\u573a<\/small><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> \u3000\u3000 \u300a\u8bba\u5929\u4eba\u4e4b\u9645\u300b\u4ee3\u5e8f \u3000\u3000 \u300a\u8bba\u5929\u4eba\u4e4b\u9645\u300b\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u672c\u4e66\u201d\uff09\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4e13\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8f83\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u3000\u3000 \u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u53e4\u6587\u5316\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7279\u8272\u624d\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u5730\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6211\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u9898\u65e9\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u59cb\u7ec8\u672a\u65ad\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5c55\u5f00\u8f83\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u5df2\u3002 \u3000\u3000 \u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u4e03\u5e74\u6211\u64b0\u5199\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff08\u6536\u5728\u6211\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u9636\u5c42\u53f2\u8bba\uff0c\u8054\u7ecf\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u3007\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u56db\u8282\u9898\u4f5c\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\uff08\u201cPhilosophic breakthrough\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u672c\u4e66\u6574\u4f53\u6784\u60f3\u7684\u53d1\u7aef\u3002\u4f46\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u5df2\u4e00\u5f8b\u6539\u4f5c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\uff08\u201cAxial breakthrough\u201d\uff09\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u4ea4\u4ee3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u3000\u3000 \u5982\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u4e00\u5957\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\uff08Karl Jaspers\uff0c1883-1969\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\uff08The Origin and Goal of History\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\uff08\u5fb7\u6587\u539f\u672c\u6210\u4e66\u4e8e1949\u5e74\uff09\u4f46\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e03\u4e94\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u5c1a\u672a\u666e\u904d\u6d41\u884c\u3002 \u3000\u3000 \u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e13\u8bba\u4e2d\u867d\u63d0\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff08\u6309\uff1a\u6587\u4e2d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u67a2\u7ebd\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6240\u77e5\u4e0d\u6df1\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u8f7b\u6613\u653e\u8fc7\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u6240\u7528\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5219\u501f\u81ea\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\uff08Talcott Parsons\uff0c1902-1979\uff09\uff0c\u89c1\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bd1\u672c\u97e6\u4f2f\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b\uff08Max Weber\uff0cThe Sociology of Religion\uff0c1964\uff09\u6240\u5199\u7684\u201c\u5f15\u8bba\u201d\uff08Introduction\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u6587\u3002 \u3000\u3000 \u5e15\u6c0f\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u53d1\uff1a\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5343\u7eaa\uff08the first millennium B.C.\uff09\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u4ee5\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u522b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u3001\u4eba\u751f\u2026\u2026\u7684\u4f53\u8ba4\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u90fd\u8df3\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u662f\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u8981\u3002 \u3000\u3000 \u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5927\u6982\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5c3d\u4eba\u7686\u77e5\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e76\u65e0\u4e00\u5b57\u63d0\u53ca\u96c5\u65af\u57f9\u53ca\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ee5\u4e3a\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u201d\u51fa\u4e8e\u97e6\u4f2f\u6709\u5173\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u5b97\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u521b\u83b7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u611f\u89c9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u6b63\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6beb\u4e0d\u8fdf\u7591\u5730\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u3002 \u3000\u3000 \u4f46\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u3007\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u827e\u68ee\u65af\u5854\uff08Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt\uff0c1923-2010\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u6587\u660e\u201d\uff08\u201cAxial civilization\u201d\uff09\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7814\u8ba8\uff0c\u5176\u98ce\u81f3\u4eca\u672a\u8870\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u5b97\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d1d\u62c9\uff08Robert N. 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