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1<\/h3>\n

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\n\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u90fd\u201c\u88ab\u6c89\u9ed8\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u53ea\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6743\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u6240\u4ee5\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u638c\u63a7\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edd\u5bf9\u638c\u63a7\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6743\u5c31\u662f\u6781\u6743\u3002\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u5728\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u6781\u6743\u662f\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u751f\u6d3b\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5168\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u6781\u6743\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u5176\u201c\u5584\u4e8e\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u5bc6\u3001\u7ec6\u81f4\u3001\u6761\u7406\u5316\u3001\u9762\u9762\u4ff1\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bcc\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7ea0\u9519\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ea0\u9519\u4e0d\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u6781\u6743\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6539\u53d8\u4e3a\u7ef4\u62a4\u7edf\u6cbb\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u548c\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u6781\u6743\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u5b97\u6559\u89c2\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u7528\u5916\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0e\u5b83\u654c\u5bf9\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff08\u5982\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u201d\uff09,\u663e\u5f97\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u5341\u5206\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u7ea0\u6b63\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u76ee\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u88ab\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edf\u6cbb\u76ee\u7684\u6240\u540c\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6709\u673a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u6452\u5f03\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u90e8\u5206\u91c7\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u63a5\u53d7\u6781\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u201d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u56e0\u63a5\u53d7\u6781\u6743\u6240\u5236\u9020\u7684\u201c\u6b63\u7edf\u8bb0\u5fc6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002 [iii]\n

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\u4e1c\u5fb7\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u6700\u7d27\u8ddf\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u4e1c\u6b27\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u540c\u6837\u6781\u7aef\u91cd\u89c6\u9009\u4e3e\u6295\u7968\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u201c\u5168\u4f53\u4e00\u81f4\u201d\uff0c17\u6b21\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u670916\u6b21\u90fd\u662f\u8d85\u8fc799%\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u57281989\u5e745\u67087\u65e5\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u7a0d\u5fae\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ec5\u8fbe\u523098.85%\u3002 [ix]\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f97\u7968\u7387\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u9ad8\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u6743\u5c31\u57ae\u53f0\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e48\u9ad8\u7684\u201c\u5168\u4f53\u4e00\u81f4\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6240\u6709\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e1c\u5fb7\u653f\u6743\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u5d29\u6e83\u90fd\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u3002\u5f88\u96be\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u6216\u4e1c\u5fb7\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6216\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u8c01\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6709\u4eba\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u4e00\u671b\u65e0\u9645\u7684\u201c\u5168\u4f53\u4e00\u81f4\u201d\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5f02\u8bae\u662f\u5426\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6000\u7591\u548c\u5b64\u5355\u7684\u65e0\u529b\u611f\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fd8\u5fc3\u5b58\u6000\u7591\u548c\u72b9\u8c6b\u4e0d\u51b3\u7684\u4eba\u95ed\u7d27\u5634\u5df4\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u6562\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u60f3\u6cd5\u544a\u8bc9\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u52aa\u529b\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

2<\/h3>\n

\u5c42\u5c42\u53e0\u53e0\u7684\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u5236\u9020\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u7262\u7b3c<\/h3>\n

 
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\u53c2\u52a0\u9752\u5e74\u56e2\uff08\u5728\u4e1c\u5fb7\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u5fb7\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u56e2\u201d)\u662f\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u653f\u6cbb\u6210\u957f\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c1950\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u670935%\u7684\u9002\u9f84\u8005\u662f\u9752\u5e74\u56e2\u5458\uff0c\u5230\u4e861960\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9002\u9f84\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u9752\u5e74\u56e2\u5458\u4e86\u3002 [xiii]\u5c11\u5148\u961f\u548c\u9752\u5e74\u56e2\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u201c\u540c\u4f34\u538b\u529b\u201d\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u7262\u7b3c\u5f0f\u7ba1\u5236\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7262\u7b3c\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u9501\u94fe\u8d8a\u957f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7262\u7b3c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u6bd4\u5728\u7b3c\u5b50\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u66f4\u53d7\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u80fd\u5728\u7b3c\u5b50\u91cc\u751a\u81f3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd \u201c\u4f18\u79c0\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8363\u8a89\u201d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u515a\u53eb\u5e72\u5565\u5c31\u5e72\u5565\uff0c\u515a\u53eb\u548b\u60f3\u5c31\u548b\u60f3\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4ef6\u5149\u8363\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5916\u4eba\u201c\u5148\u8fdb\u201d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u80fd\u591f\u5f15\u8d77\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5916\u4eba\u7fa1\u6155\u548c\u6e34\u671b\u4eff\u6548\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u628a\u7fa4\u4f17\u6709\u6548\u5206\u5272\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5708\u5b50\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u52a0\u987a\u4ece\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u8bf1\u4f7f\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u52a0\u6e34\u671b\u987a\u4ece\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5149\u8363\u201d\u8bf1\u60d1\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u6548\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u529f\u5229\u7684\u5206\u7fb9\u5fc3\u7406\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u5165\u56e2\u548c\u5165\u515a\uff0c\u5165\u4e86\u4f1a\u6709\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5165\u4e86\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u603b\u6bd4\u4e0d\u5165\u8981\u5f3a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5165\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6709\u5bb3\u5904\u3002\u522b\u4eba\u5165\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u5165\uff0c\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u597d\u5904\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4f60\u7684\u4efd\uff0c\u5165\u4e86\u624d\u662f\u660e\u667a\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bfa\u57c3\u52d2-\u5c3c\u66fc\uff08 Elisabeth Noelle-Neamann\uff09\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u201c\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u87ba\u65cb\u201d\uff08spiral of silence\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u8457\u79f0\uff0c\u5979\u89c2\u5bdf\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u201d\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u6c89\u9ed8\u5347\u7ea7\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6c89\u9ed8\u5347\u7ea7\u6548\u5e94\u201d\u5728\u9752\u5e74\u56e2\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u5c24\u5176\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u80fd\u672c\u80fd\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e9b\u770b\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u8bf4\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002 [xiv]\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u4fbf\u8bf4\u7684\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5371\u9669\u201d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u8eb2\u907f\u5b83\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5c31\u6b64\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u65e0\u5f71\u65e0\u8e2a\u3002\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u8981\u662f\u6709\u8c01\u4e0d\u5c0f\u5fc3\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e0d\u8be5\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u522b\u4eba\u5c31\u4f1a\u4fa7\u76ee\u76f8\u89c6\uff0c\u751f\u6015\u5371\u5bb3\u8fde\u7d2f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u8bf4\u7684\u4eba\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u80fd\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u5feb\uff0c\u5e76\u907f\u514d\u518d\u72af\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u5e93\u4f26\uff08Timur Kuran\uff09\u53c8\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u8c28\u614e\u5347\u7ea7\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u9690\u85cf\u81ea\u5df1\u539f\u6765\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e0d\u8be5\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5f53\u4f17\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u539f\u5148\u60f3\u6cd5\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8bf4\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u60f3\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d8\u672c\u52a0\u5389\u6bd4\u539f\u5148\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4e0d\u826f\u201d\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u575a\u6301\u3001\u66f4\u8fc7\u5206\u3002 [xv] \u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u515a\u5185\u66f4\u662f\u5341\u5206\u666e\u904d\u3002\u524d\u5fb7\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u96f7\u6602\u54c8\u7279\uff08Wolfgang Leonhard\uff09\u662f\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u9003\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u7ecf\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5e38\u5e38\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5b98\u5458\u8d8a\u662f\u5bf9\u515a\u6709\u7591\u60d1\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u897f\u65b9\u8bbf\u5ba2\u4ea4\u8c08\u65f6\u5c31\u8d8a\u662f\u505a\u51fa\u7acb\u573a\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u575a\u51b3\u634d\u536b\u515a\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u8ddf\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u8c08\u8bdd\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f150%\u7684\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u3002 [xvi] \u5c42\u5c42\u53e0\u53e0\u7684\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u4e3a\u65e0\u6570\u7684\u52a0\u5165\u8005\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u94b3\u5236\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7262\u7b3c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u65f6\u523b\u8c28\u8a00\u614e\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u968f\u65f6\u4ee5\u8c0e\u8a00\u52a0\u7801\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8a00\u884c\u505a\u201c\u8c28\u614e\u5347\u7ea7\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

3<\/h3>\n

\u4e92\u76f8\u76d1\u7763\u7ef4\u6301\u201c\u6c89\u9ed8\u201d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981<\/h3>\n

 
\n\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u76d1\u7763\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u73af\u5883\u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u597d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0d\u5149\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u8981\u63ed\u53d1\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u544a\u5bc6\u548c\u6253\u5c0f\u62a5\u544a\u4e8e\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u63ed\u53d1\u522b\u4eba\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5b66\u4f1a\u8c28\u8a00\u614e\u884c\uff0c\u7ba1\u4f4f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5634\u5df4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bf4\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8bdd\u4e43\u662f\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u4ee5\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e1c\u5fb7\uff0c\u5219\u4ee5\u5bf9\u515a\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u670d\u4ece\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4e1c\u5fb7\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u90e8\uff08Stasi\uff09\u7684\u7ebf\u62a5\u7f51\u8981\u6bd4\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e25\u5bc6\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65b0\u95fb\u4e3b\u7ba1\u4eba\u65bd\u7279\u83b1\u5f7b\uff08Julius Streicher\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u5468\u520a\u300a\u88ad\u51fb\u8005\u300b\uff08Der Sturmer\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u520a\u767b\u8fc7\u5927\u7ea66500\u540d\u57281935\u81f31939\u5e74\u53cd\u72b9\u4e0d\u529b\u8005\u7684\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u592a\u5ba2\u6c14\uff08\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u575a\u5b9a\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6709\u751f\u610f\u5f80\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u5355\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u544a\u5bc6\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002 [xvii] \u4e1c\u5fb7\u544a\u5bc6\u8005\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u8981\u5927\u5f97\u591a\uff0c2%\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0e\u56fd\u5b89\u90e8\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\u63ed\u53d1\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u79c1\u4e0b\u91cc\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\u4eba\u68c0\u4e3e\u63ed\u53d1\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7f6a\u8bc1\u3002\u4e00\u76f4\u52301989\u5e74\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u57ae\u53f0\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u8fd8\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u7247\u5168\u4f53\u62e5\u62a4\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u666f\u8c61\u3002\u636e1989\u5e74\u56fd\u5b89\u90e8\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u5168\u4e1c\u5fb7\u53ea\u67092500\u540d\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u5b50\u548c60\u4e2a\u201c\u6b7b\u786c\u201d\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u3002 [xviii]\n

\u201c\u5f02\u89c1\u201d\u662f\u4ee5\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u793a\u5f02\u89c1\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc3\u91cc\u600e\u4e48\u60f3\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c1989\u5e74\u524d\u8bb8\u591a\u4e1c\u5fb7\u4eba\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u4e0d\u6ee1\u515a\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8c01\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e3a\u522b\u4eba\u90fd\u5f88\u6ee1\u610f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u7684\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u540e\u6765\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u522b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u3002\u8981\u662f\u77e5\u9053\u522b\u4eba\u600e\u4e48\u60f3\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5c31\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4f1a\u5f88\u4ee4\u4eba\u9f13\u821e\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4e25\u683c\u9632\u8303\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u516c\u5171\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u8ba9\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u9677\u5165\u4e00\u79cd\u5b64\u72ec\u7684\u5883\u5730\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4e1c\u5fb7\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u76ee\u7684\u805a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4eba\u6570\u8d85\u8fc73\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u6709\u5173\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u4f8b\u59821983\u5e74\uff0c\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u6559\u4f1a\u4eba\u58eb\u5f97\u5230\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u67093\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u624b\u6301\u8721\u70db\u7684\u516c\u5171\u96c6\u4f1a\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u5bc6\u76d1\u63a7\u30021988\u5e74\u5728\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u6709150\u4eba\u5728\u6559\u5802\u505a\u8fc7\u793c\u62dc\u540e\uff0c\u6b65\u884c\u4e0a\u8857\uff0c\u56fd\u5b89\u8b66\u5bdf\u4e25\u9635\u4ee5\u5f85\uff0c\u4e8b\u540e\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u5e26\u65d7\u5e1c\u3001\u8c61\u5f81\u7269\u54c1\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u660e\u663e\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u516c\u5171\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u516c\u5171\u6ce8\u610f\u201d\u3002\u201c\u516c\u5171\u6ce8\u610f\u201d\u662f\u56fd\u5b89\u90e8\u95e8\u6700\u5bb3\u6015\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 [xix]\n

\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u96c6\u4f1a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u56fd\u5b89\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u6050\u614c\uff0c1983\u5e74\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u9b4f\u739b\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u8981\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u53cd\u5bf9\u5317\u7ea6\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u96c6\u4f1a\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd9\u4e00\u96c6\u4f1a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5177\u6709\u201c\u81ea\u53d1\u201d\u3001\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u96c6\u4f1a\u90a3\u5929\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u7ea6100\u4eba\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u6ce2\u666e\uff08Ulrich Poppe\uff09\u7684\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u72ec\u7acb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u96c6\u4f1a\u5bb3\u6015\u6210\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u96c6\u4f1a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u884c\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4ee4\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u4e86\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u53d1\u7eaa\u5ff5\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u5b98\u65b9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u53d6\u7f14\u548c\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6ce8\u91ca<\/strong><\/h3>\n

[i] Hedrick Smith, The Russians. New York: Ballantine Books, 1977, pp. 247-248.<\/p>\n[ii] J. S. Mill, \u201cOf Nationality as Connected with Representative Government,\u201d in Considerations on Representative Government. New York: H. Holt and Co., 1875, p. 308.<\/p>\n[iii] Vaclav Havel, \u201cThe Power of the Powerless,\u201d in The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe, ed. John Keane. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1985, p. 25.<\/p>\n[iv] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2004.<\/p>\n[v] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 132.<\/p>\n[vi] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 133.<\/p>\n[vii] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 135.<\/p>\n[viii] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 135.<\/p>\n[ix] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, pp. 135-136.<\/p>\n[x] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, pp. 138- 139.<\/p>\n[xi] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, pp. 138- 139.<\/p>\n[xii] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 140.<\/p>\n[xiii] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 140.<\/p>\n[xiv] Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Die Schweigespirale: \u00d6ffentliche Meinung\u2014unsere soziale Haut. Frankfurt: Ullstein Sachbuch, 1982.<\/p>\n[xv] Timur Kuran, Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequence of Preference Falsification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995, p. 113.<\/p>\n[xvi] Wolfgang Leonhard, Child of the Revolution. Trans. C. M. Woodhouse. London: Collins, 1957, p. 373.<\/p>\n[xvii] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 141.<\/p>\n[xviii] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, pp. 142-143.<\/p>\n[xix] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 143.<\/p>\n[xx] Randall L. Bytwerk, Bending Spines, p. 148.<\/p>\n[xxi] Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Little Brown, 2000.<\/small><\/p>\n

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