{"id":199591,"date":"2017-03-17T10:54:52","date_gmt":"2017-03-17T17:54:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/?p=199591"},"modified":"2017-03-21T11:38:32","modified_gmt":"2017-03-21T18:38:32","slug":"mixed-fears-rights-protections-new-civil-code","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/2017\/03\/mixed-fears-rights-protections-new-civil-code\/","title":{"rendered":"Mixed Fears for Rights Protection in New Civil Code"},"content":{"rendered":"

On Wednesday, the National People\u2019s Congress took a step towards the creation of China\u2019s first unified civil code<\/strong><\/a>. The project, due to be completed in 2020, has stirred fears in some quarters that individual rights will be inadequately protected, and in others that they may be dangerously indulged<\/a>. From Xinhua:<\/p>\n

The General Provisions were adopted at the closing meeting of the annual session of the National People\u2019s Congress (NPC), with 2,782 of the 2,838 deputies present voting in favor. It takes effect on Oct. 1 this year.<\/p>\n

Compiling a civil code, a decision made by the central leadership in 2014, has been deemed as a \u201cmust-do\u201d to promote the country\u2019s rule of law and modernize state governance, and as a crucial move in building China into a moderately prosperous society by 2020.<\/p>\n

[\u2026] \u201cWith the General Provisions, 1.3 billion Chinese will feel more secure and enjoy more equal opportunities and dignity,\u201d said Sun Xianzhong, a national lawmaker and deputy head of the China Civil Law Society.<\/p>\n

[\u2026] Last year, the draft went through three readings at the bi-monthly sessions of the NPC Standing Committee. Public opinions were solicited multiple times and symposia held to gather suggestions. More than 70,000 opinions were collected. [Source<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

For more on the public consultation process in general, see CDT\u2019s Q&A with George Washington University\u2019s Steven Balla<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Economist provides some background<\/strong><\/a> on the current undertaking:<\/p>\n

China has a civil-law system, which means that statutes are essential reference for judges. (In common-law countries such as Britain and America, verdicts are also decided according to precedent: ie, previous rulings by courts.) But under Communist rule, China has muddled through without a unified civil code. It has bits of one. It passed an inheritance law in 1985, a contract law in 1999 and a property law in 2007. But there are big gaps and inconsistencies. The Supreme People\u2019s Court, the highest judicial authority, issues directives in an attempt to sort these out.<\/p>\n

The country has been trying to write a civil code since 1954. But China\u2019s then ruler, Mao Zedong, was lukewarm about it\u2014he did not want any law that might restrict his power. China\u2019s current leaders are far keener to have one. They hope it will provide a stable legal framework for a rapidly evolving society racked by increasingly complex disputes. In 2014 they decided to try again, aiming to write one by 2020. This week\u2019s approval of the code\u2019s general principles is the first fruit. It covers everything from individual rights and the statute of limitations to whether fetuses can own property (they can).<\/p>\n

[\u2026] A civil code\u2014embracing laws of property, contract, inheritance, family and marriage\u2014will not guarantee fairness. The Communist Party will continue to ignore the law when it wants to. But for all the legal system\u2019s flaws, many people still use it. The code may make it less opaque and outdated, and judges\u2019 lives easier. [Source<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

NYU law professor Jerome Cohen offers a similarly mixed assessment<\/strong><\/a> on his blog. He acknowledges that a new code would be an \u201cimportant step\u201d in China\u2019s legal, economic, and social development.<\/p>\n

Yet those who say it is window dressing are also correct because, while all this drafting, enacting and implementing of civil law-related subjects has been going on, aspirations toward what is popularly understood to be the \u201crule of law\u201d have obviously been frustrated by Xi Jinping\u2019s increasing oppression of political and civil rights and the arbitrary actions of a police state that has returned fear to the daily lives of many Chinese. The most fundamental aspect of the rule of law is protection against arbitrary detention and imprisonment and other official actions that restrict basic personal freedoms. Here, despite some legislative progress in this area, is where the current regime has ostentatiously failed to respect the rule of law in practice.<\/p>\n

Many courageous legal reformers in China today, unable to combat the severe repression, have focused their energies on drafting better pieces of paper \u2013 legal rules \u2013 especially in the civil area where it has been possible to make progress in practice. [\u2026] [Source<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

At The Wall Street Journal, Josh Chin focuses on one clause that has sparked particular concern: one that makes damage to \u201cthe name, likeness, reputation or glory of heroes and martyrs\u201d a civil offense<\/strong><\/a>. Its inclusion follows a series of steps to enforce the Party\u2019s version of history and combat the so-called \u201chistorical nihilism<\/a>\u201d that challenges it: the takeover of traditionally liberal journal Yanhuang Chunqiu<\/a> last summer; court decisions against its former editor, Hong Zhenkuai, for questioning details of a legendary act of revolutionary heroism<\/a>, and blogger Sun Jie or Zuoyeben for mocking the deaths of two other Communist martyrs<\/a>; and the imprisonment of two men for distributing books<\/a> including \u201cHow The Red Sun Rose,\u201d an uncomplimentary account of the Party\u2019s rise to power.<\/p>\n

Calling the new clause \u201cunacceptable,\u201d Peking University legal scholar He Weifang argued Monday that there was no accepted legal standard for deciding who qualifies as a hero. He also noted that doubts over the historical reliability of some of China\u2019s martyr stories were widespread.<\/p>\n

\u201cTo uncover the true face of history in the spirit of seeking truth from facts, but to instead face accusations of malicious slander, that is horrifying,\u201d Mr. He wrote in a social-media post, whose authenticity he later verified to China Real Time. \u201cReal gold fears no fire, true martyrs have no need to worry about \u2018being smeared.\u2019 All their defenders need to do is present definitive evidence to back their claims. What are they afraid of?\u201d<\/p>\n

[\u2026 Hong Zhenkuai] wrote an open letter to NPC delegates on the WeChat messaging platform on Sunday night, protesting inclusion of the Langya Mountain in the courts\u2019 report. The letter was removed by censors within an hour, he said.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn the future, historical research will be impossible,\u201d he said. \u201cIf you point out the contradictions or holes in what they say, they can use the law to proclaim you guilty.\u201d [Source<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

One less controversial provision offers new protections for \u201cGood Samaritans.\u201d<\/strong><\/a> From Catherine Lai at Hong Kong Free Press:<\/p>\n

After deliberation on Tuesday afternoon, lawmakers changed the Good Samaritan article in the draft provisions, removing a caveat that allows those who accidentally cause injury while helping strangers in an emergency to be held liable for damages, according to Communist Youth League paper China Youth Daily.<\/p>\n

\u201cThose who willingly take action in an emergency to save or help others, causing harm to the victim, will not bear civil liability,\u201d the provision now says.<\/p>\n

[\u2026] There has been a long-running debate over the need for a Good Samaritan law in China. In a notable 2011 case that horrified the world, a two-year old child, Wang Yue, was run over by two separate trucks as more than a dozen people passed by without helping. She was finally rescued by an elderly garbage collector but died a few days later.<\/p>\n

Onlookers are often reluctant to help, partially as a result of the lack of legal protection and cases of extortion by injured parties or some pretending to be injured. [Source<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Read more on these cases<\/a> via CDT.<\/p>\n

As previous coverage has noted<\/a>, the final code\u2019s formulation is expected to be a long and contentious process. At The New York Times, Javier C. Hern\u00e1ndez and Owen Guo report that while some critics fear that the code will erode or fail to protect individual rights, others are unconcerned, or are pulling in precisely the opposite direction<\/strong><\/a>:<\/p>\n

China\u2019s government often tries to present the image of a unified and efficient bureaucracy marching in step. But the struggle over the civil code is a reminder that it remains divided on a range of ideological and policy issues, complicating the leadership\u2019s efforts to meet rising public expectations.<\/p>\n

[\u2026] One prominent legal scholar, Liang Huixing of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, has raised the possibility of revolution if China were to guarantee expansive personal freedoms like property rights and free speech in the civil code, as some lawmakers and scholars have suggested. He has drawn comparisons to the 2014 uprising in Ukraine, warning of the threat posed by \u201cunchecked freedom.\u201d [This has also been a frequent reference point in a recent series of videos accusing the West of trying to foment unrest in China<\/a>, which have been shared by several officially-linked social media accounts.]<\/p>\n

Zhou Guangquan, a lawmaker and a professor at Tsinghua University in Beijing, dismissed concerns that the government was not interested in protecting individual rights. He said it was essential to update China\u2019s civil law, which has its roots in German law and was last significantly revised in the 1980s, before economic and social transformations.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere are a lot of overlaps and contradictions,\u201d Mr. Zhou wrote in an email. \u201cThe passing of civil code will erase these problems.\u201d [Source<\/strong><\/a>]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On Wednesday, the National People\u2019s Congress took a step towards the creation of China\u2019s first unified civil code. The project, due to be completed in 2020, has stirred fears in some quarters that individual rights will be inadequately protected, and in others that they may be dangerously indulged. From Xinhua: The General Provisions were adopted […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":962,"featured_media":199480,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[34,10,14744,14745,14746,100,5,1051],"tags":[15317,7817,17279,976,8469,58,3041,894,16469,526,757,1587],"class_list":["post-199591","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-human-rights","category-law","category-level-2-article","category-level-3-article","category-level-4-article","category-politics","category-society","category-top-article","tag-good-samaritan","tag-he-weifang","tag-historical-nihilism","tag-history","tag-jerome-cohen","tag-laws","tag-legal-system","tag-marriage","tag-national-peoples-congress","tag-property-rights","tag-rule-of-law","tag-social-stability","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nMixed Fears for Rights Protection in New Civil Code<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/2017\/03\/mixed-fears-rights-protections-new-civil-code\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mixed Fears for Rights Protection in New Civil Code\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On Wednesday, the National People\u2019s Congress took a step towards the creation of China\u2019s first unified civil code. 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