{"id":702538,"date":"2024-11-13T22:18:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-14T06:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/?p=702538"},"modified":"2024-11-15T18:57:47","modified_gmt":"2024-11-16T02:57:47","slug":"word-of-the-week-xianzhong-the-ming-rebel-inspiring-massacres","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/2024\/11\/word-of-the-week-xianzhong-the-ming-rebel-inspiring-massacres\/","title":{"rendered":"Word of the Week: “Xianzhong,” The Ming Rebel Cited as Emblem of Modern Massacres"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A murderous rampage in Zhuhai, Guangdong<\/a> that left 35 dead and scores wounded was met with a now all-too-familiar refrain on the Chinese internet: \u201cXianzhong\u201d is back. Zhang Xianzhong (\u5f20\u732e\u5fe0, Zh\u0101ng Xi\u00e0nzh\u014dng), a Ming-era peasant rebel notorious for his mythical bloodlust, has become an online by-word for \u201crevenge against society\u201d attacks against innocents by disgruntled men<\/a>. In 2021, CDT flagged \u201cXianzhong,\u201d<\/a> which literally translates as \u201cdemonstrate loyalty,\u201d as one of the most censored words of the year\u2014it remains as sensitive as ever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Running tallies of Xianzhong attacks<\/a> circulate on the Chinese internet. A non-exhaustive list of incidents from this year include: the stabbing of four Americans in a Jilin park<\/a>, the murder of a Suzhou bus attendant<\/a>, the killing of a Japanese boy in Shenzhen<\/a>, a knife attack in a Yunnan hospital that killed two<\/a> and injured 21, and a Beijing stabbing spree that injured five<\/a>. The latest incident, in Zhuhai, is the only one to have elicited a rare direct public response from Xi Jinping<\/a>. Xi stressed an emphasis on preventing issues at their source and called for the \u201charshest punishment\u201d for the attacker, who allegedly was upset about the financial settlement of his divorce proceedings.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the extent of the real-life Zhang Xianzhong\u2019s murders are a question of significant historical contention<\/a>, in the popular imagination he has become a stand-in for senseless bloodlust with a political edge. The following graffiti is emblematic of his image in the popular consciousness; the artist imagines Zhang paraphrasing Mao Zedong\u2019s famous quote on reactionaries<\/a> and finishes with his apocryphal instruction to \u201ckill, kill, kill\u201d<\/strong><\/a>:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"A
All Qing soldiers are paper tigers.
There is no need to mourn me,
nor hope for my return.
For after I departed, you became me.
Kill, kill, kill.
– Xianzhong [<\/em>Chinese<\/em><\/strong><\/a>]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

While few praise \u201cXianzhong\u201d attacks, they have become a meme connoting escape from the grinding pressure of everyday life. The below chart titled \u201cA Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Chinese Society\u201d<\/strong><\/a> is illustrative of popular attitudes towards \u201cXianzhong.\u201d The X and Y axes are arranged from avoidant-to-conformist and passive-to-active, respectively, connoting one\u2019s willingness to participate in Chinese society and desired level of effort in enacting that choice. In the avoidant-active quadrant is \u201crun,\u201d i.e. escape from China through emigration<\/a>. In the avoidant-passive quadrant is \u201clie flat,\u201d i.e. withdraw from the rat race and do nothing<\/a>. In the conformist-active quadrant is \u201cinvolute,\u201d i.e. strive meaninglessly in a manner memorably described by The New Yorker<\/a> as reminiscent of \u201cSisyphus spinning the wheels of a perpetual-motion Peloton.\u201d In the conformist-passive quadrant is \u201cchive,\u201d i.e. allow oneself to be used and abused by the system<\/a>. The only “exit” from the matrix comes from the Z axis, \u201cXianzhong”:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"A

A widely-shared chart posits that \u201cXianzhong\u201d is the only exit from exile, ennui, exhaustion, and exploitation. [<\/em>Chinese<\/em><\/strong><\/a>]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In February of this year, one Weibo user put it succinctly: \u201cInvolute, lie flat, run, or Xian … seems like things are rapidly trending towards Xian.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fascination with Zhang\u2019s reputed barbarism is not a modern phenomenon. The Qing-era poet Peng Zunsi wrote a four-volume book detailing Zhang\u2019s brief and sanguinary reign<\/a> in the mid-1700s, likely to posthumously discredit Zhang (and discourage any who might emulate him). Nearly two-hundred years later, Lu Xun read Peng\u2019s book and wrote<\/strong><\/a>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

In a way reminiscent of \u2018art for art\u2019s sake,\u2019 he seemed to \u2018kill for killing’s sake,\u2019 though in fact he had ulterior motives. At first he had no desire to kill, nor did he want to become emperor. It was only after learning that Li Zicheng had taken Beijing<\/a> and that the Manchus had \u201cbreached the Shanghaiguan Pass<\/a>\u201d that he was forced against a wall and so began to kill, kill \u2026 He felt keenly that there was nothing left for him on this earth except to destroy what remained for others. This is the exact impulse felt by the last emperors of foundering dynasties who, in the hour before their deaths, burned the books and baubles accumulated by themselves and their ancestors. He had soldiers but no baubles, so he began to kill, kill, murder, kill \u2026 [Chinese<\/strong><\/a>]\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

These days, references to Zhang Xianzhong are highly censored on the Chinese internet<\/a>. In the aftermath of the Zhuhai murders, both Baidu and Sogou blocked searches for \u201cXianzhong + Seven Kills,\u201d a reference to the apocryphally-attributed poem referenced above in which he instructs, \u201ckill, kill, kill, kill, kill, kill, kill.\u201d Since 2021, searches for \u201cXianzhongnology\u201d and \u201cXianzhong memes\u201d have been tightly censored, as have searches for \u201cXianzhong incidents.\u201d On Weibo, however, some posts referencing \u201cXianzhong\u201d have not been taken down. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhang Xianzhong is not the only late-Ming personage to become subject to censors\u2019 scrutiny. In late 2023, the book \u201cThe Chongzhen Emperor: Diligent Ruler of a Failed Dynasty\u201d was pulled from shelves across China after a cover blurb was identified as a possible reference to Xi Jinping<\/a>. The blurb held: \u201cChongzhen\u2019s repeated mistakes were the result of his own ineptitude. His \u2018diligent\u2019 efforts hastened the nation\u2019s destruction.\u201d The Weibo hashtag #Chongzhen was subsequently censored, indicating its\u00a0 political sensitivity.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A murderous rampage in Zhuhai, Guangdong that left 35 dead and scores wounded was met with a now all-too-familiar refrain on the Chinese internet: \u201cXianzhong\u201d is back. Zhang Xianzhong (\u5f20\u732e\u5fe0, Zh\u0101ng Xi\u00e0nzh\u014dng), a Ming-era peasant rebel notorious for his mythical bloodlust, has become an online by-word for \u201crevenge against society\u201d attacks against innocents by disgruntled […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1093,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[99,20,14744,100,5,4202],"tags":[15615,17909,53,6300,10576,2365,10314,1858,4420,4250,2382,4674,595,1444,15733],"class_list":["post-702538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cdt-highlights","category-culture","category-level-2-article","category-politics","category-society","category-translation","tag-cars","tag-censors","tag-censorship","tag-internet-censorship","tag-knife-attacks","tag-lu-xun","tag-ming-dynasty","tag-murder","tag-murders","tag-public-safety","tag-qing-dynasty","tag-xi-jinping","tag-youth","tag-youth-culture","tag-zhuhai","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nWord of the Week: "Xianzhong," The Ming Rebel Cited as Emblem of Modern Massacres<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/2024\/11\/word-of-the-week-xianzhong-the-ming-rebel-inspiring-massacres\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Word of the Week: "Xianzhong," The Ming Rebel Cited as Emblem of Modern Massacres\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A murderous rampage in Zhuhai, Guangdong that left 35 dead and scores wounded was met with a now all-too-familiar refrain on the Chinese internet: \u201cXianzhong\u201d is back. Zhang Xianzhong (\u5f20\u732e\u5fe0, Zh\u0101ng Xi\u00e0nzh\u014dng), a Ming-era peasant rebel notorious for his mythical bloodlust, has become an online by-word for \u201crevenge against society\u201d attacks against innocents by disgruntled […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/2024\/11\/word-of-the-week-xianzhong-the-ming-rebel-inspiring-massacres\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"China Digital Times (CDT)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ChinaDigitalTimes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-14T06:18:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-16T02:57:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/chinadigitaltimes.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/CDT-logo.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"186\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"177\" \/>\n\t<meta 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