The ‘Ürümqi Police Database’ was provided to ASPI by freelance journalist Yael Grauer, who wrote for The Intercept about the database. See Yael Grauer, ‘Revealed: Massive Chinese police database’, The Intercept, 29 January 2021
社区居民委员会 or 社区工作组. Another common translation for it is Residents’ Committee. See ‘Xinjiang Village Work Team: Must actively speak out to clarify the truth and strive to maintain stability’ [新疆住村工作组:主动发声讲真相, 打响维稳攻坚战], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 25 May 2014.
Byler, ‘“The atmosphere has become abnormal”: Han Chinese views from Xinjiang’; ‘“Eradicating ideological viruses”: China’s campaign of repression against Xinjiang’s Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 9 September 2018.
Ürümqi’s Xinmin West Street Neighbourhood is located in Shuimogou District [乌鲁木齐市水磨沟区新民路片区新民西街社区], one of the four central districts of Xinjiang’s capital city.
His case was first mentioned by Gene Bunin in ‘The elephant in the XUAR: III. “In accordance with the law”’, Art of Life in Central Asia, 19 April 2021, online; ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 16 November 2018.
As per his Chinese ID number in the police records. ‘Profile of Anayit Abliz: Entry 24100’, Xinjiang Victims Database.
‘Today’s “focus report” is different (and) clears Xinjiang’s name!’’ [今天的《焦点访谈》不一般 为新疆正名!], Guancha [观察], 16 October 2018.
Virtual private networks: web services used by many in China to bypass the Great Firewall.
‘Differences between neighbourhood, subdistrict and neighbourhood committees?’ [社区、街道和居委会的区别?], People’s Government of Gulou District, Fuzhou City [福州市鼓楼区人民政府], 11 July 2019. / ‘China Urban Neighbourhood Committee Organisation Law’ [中华人民共和国城市居民委员会组织法], State Council [国务院], 26 December 1989.
Tamara Jacka, Wu Chengrui, ‘Village self-government and representation in southwest China’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 2015, 46(1):71–94.
Hu Jintao, ‘Further improve rural grassroots governance mechanisms that are in line with China’s domestic circumstances’ [胡锦涛:进一步完善符合中国国情农村基层治理机制], Central People’s Government of China [中国中央政府], 10 November 2009. / Monica Martinez-Bravo, Gerard Padró i Miquel, Nancy Qian, Yang Yao, The Rise and fall of local elections in China: Theory and empirical evidence on the autocrat’s trade-off, Global Poverty Research Lab, 21 February 2018.
Lu Jian [陆健], Yan Hongfeng [严红枫], ’“Fengqiao experience”: China’s plan for grassroots social governance [‘枫桥经验’: 基层社会治理的中国方案], Guangming Daily [光明日报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 17 March 2021. / ‘Secretary Xi Jinping said to hold firm to the “Fengqiao experience” and build on it’, QS Theory [求是网], 2 March 2021
‘Xi Jinping mentions again the ‘Fengqiao experience’ as advocated by Mao Zedong’ [习近平重提毛泽东提倡的“枫桥经验”], BBC Chinese, 11 October 2013.
Yang Min [杨敏], ‘Citizen participation, mass participation and community participation’ [公民参与、群众参与与社区参与], Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2005, 25(5):78–95. / Wen-hui Tsai, ‘Mass mobilization campaigns in Mao’s China’, American Journal of Chinese Studies, April 1999, 6(1):21–48; Perry, ‘From mass campaigns to managed campaigns: “constructing a new socialist countryside”’; Joel Andreas, Yige Dong, ‘“Mass supervision” and the bureaucratization of governance in China’, in Vivienne Shue, Patricia Thornton (eds), To govern China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, 123–152.
Gong Weibin [龚维斌], ‘Strengthen and innovate grassroots social governance’ [加强和创新基层社会治理], CPC News [中国共产党新闻网], 18 September 2020. / ‘China’s Communist Party worries about its grassroots weakness’, The Economist, 13 June 2020, online; Jun Mai, ‘China’s Communist Party to reinforce “crucial” grass-roots controls’, South China Morning Post, 14 June 2021.
Raymond Zhong, Paul Mozur, ‘To tame coronavirus, Mao-style social control blankets China’, The New York Times, 15 February 2020.
Minxin Pei, ‘Grid management: China’s latest institutional tool of social control’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2021.
Darren Byler, ‘Preventative policing as neighbourhood detention in northwest China’, Made in China Journal, 25 October 2019
Minxin Pei, ‘Grid management: China’s latest institutional tool of social control’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2021.
Eyewitness Anar Sabit told The New Yorker magazine that a Neighbourhood Committee official responsible for her case often wore camouflage. Raffi Khatchadourian, ‘Surviving the crackdown in Xinjiang’, The New Yorker, 5 April 2021./A 2017 county-level Fanghuiju manual asked cadres to avoid showing camouflage in photos. ‘Key points on Kunes County’s village-based Fanghuiju work in April 2017’ [新源县2017年“访民情惠民生聚民心”驻村工作 4月工作要点], Leading Small Group Office Documents [领导小组办公室文件], 2017. /A 2018 police report says that a Neighbourhood Committee staff member was criticised by their superior for only wearing regular camouflage instead of combat clothing. ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Liudaowan Police Station, Wuxing North Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局六道湾派出所五星北社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 9 November 2018.
A similar phenomenon was seen during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, see Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, ‘Coping with the trauma: official and unofficial histories of the Cultural Revolution’, preliminary draft, Non-Western and Comparative Studies, Brandeis University, 2015.
Tahir Hamut Izgil, ‘One by one, my friends were sent to the camps’, The Atlantic, 14 July 2021.
Li Xinting [李欣庭], ‘Reflecting on the current status of Xinjiang’s implementation of rural neighbourhood policing strategy in the context of counterterrorism’ [反恐背景下新疆实施农村社区警务战略现状与思考], Journal of Yunnan Police Officer Academy [云南警官学院学报], 2016, 118 (5). / Yang Rui [杨睿], Li Na [李娜], ‘Concerns and recommendations for rural police work in Xinjiang’ [新疆农村警务工作的隐忧与建议], Journal of Guangxi Police College [云南警官学院学报], 2018, 31(1).
Yang Rui, Li Na, ‘Concerns and recommendations for rural police work in Xinjiang’, Journal of Guangxi Police College, 2018, 31(1).
Adrian Zenz, James Leibold, ‘Xinjiang’s rapidly evolving security state’, China Brief, 14 March 2017, online; Adrian Zenz, James Leibold, ‘Chen Quanguo: The strongman Behind Beijing’s securitization strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang’, China Brief, 21 September 2017, 17(12).
Wu Qiang, ‘Urban grid management and police state in China: a brief overview’, China Change, 12 August 2014. / Chen Mengyuan [陈梦媛], ‘Research on optimising the grid management system in Xinjiang’ [新疆网格化治理体系的优化研究], MA thesis, Xinjiang Normal University, 2017.
Sheena Chestnut Greitens, ‘Domestic security in China under Xi Jinping’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2019.
‘Ürümqi, Xinjiang: Establish mechanisms to emphasize urban party-building in order to strengthen the party’s governance foundation in the city’ [新疆乌鲁木齐市:构建城市大党建工作格局厚植党在城市的执政基础], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 22 April 2019.
‘China: Visiting officials occupy homes in Muslim region—‘Becoming Family’ campaign intensifies repression in Xinjiang’, Human Rights Watch, 13 May 2018.
Darren Byler, ‘China’s government has ordered a million citizens to occupy Uighur homes. Here’s what they think they’re doing’, China File, 24 October 2018.
Zhang Lizhe [张立哲], ‘Research on “targeted individuals” management in rural Xinjiang from the perspective of social stability’ [社会稳定视角下新疆农村重点人口防治问题研究], Journal of Hebei Vocational College of Public Security Police [河北公安警察职业学院学报], 2016, 16(1).
‘Xinjiang Fanghuiju review: A major fundamental policy to promote long-term stable rule’ [新疆‘访惠聚’述评:推进长治久安的重大治本之策], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via chinanews.com [中国新闻网], 13 January 2015.
Chen Hui [陳輝], Examination of China’s urban neighbourhood committees 1949-1979 [1949–1979年中國城市區民委員會的考察], Chinese University of Hong Kong [香港中文大學], December 2003.
‘Xinjiang Fanghuiju village-based work models explore new paths for harmonious development’ [新疆“访惠聚”驻村工作模式探索和谐发展新路径], Xinhua Net [新华网], 27 September 2018. / ‘Altay City: Do well in ‘morning dispatch and evening evaluation’ work, make community work shine’ [阿勒泰市:做好“早派工、晚研判”工作 推动社区工作大 放光彩], Qingfeng News [清风网], 22 September 2017. / ‘[News bulletin from the village]: Strictly implement the “morning dispatch and evening evaluation” mechanism, further improve work efficiency’ [[驻村快讯] 严格落实“早派工晚研判”工作机制,进一步提升工作效能], Turpan City Gaochang District Land and Resources Bureau [吐鲁番市高昌区国土资源局], 4 October 2017. / ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 28 January 2019.
Raffi Khatchadourian, ‘Surviving the crackdown in Xinjiang’, The New Yorker, 5 April 2021.
Ibid.
Or shopfronts in a commercial area.
119 The ‘ten-household joint defense’ policy began in Tibet and its implementation in Xinjiang coincided with Chen Quanguo’s arrival. According to an account by Uyghur poet Tahir Hamut Izgil, who was living in Ürümqi at the time, the ‘ten-household joint defence’ was rolled out across Xinjiang around May 2017. Tahir Hamut Izgil, ‘One by one, my friends were sent to the camps’, The Atlantic, 14 July 2021. / ‘Tibet commends 1202 “advanced joint households” families,as more than 3000 representatives of joint households are elected to the village “two committees”’’ [西藏表彰1202户“先进双联户”家庭,3000多名联户代表选进村“两委”], China Peace [长安网], 6 January 2015. / Yan Dangen [闫党恩], ‘Qamdo, Tibet has improved its stability maintenance situation, with every resident as a sentinel and every village as a fortress’ [西藏昌都完善维稳格局:人人当哨兵 村村是堡垒], chinanews.com [中国新闻网], 21 August 2014.
‘Neighbourhood watch and household associations help create harmonious and safe home: Aksu, Xinjiang uses the ‘joint households’ mechanism to innovate social governance’ [邻里守望户户联动打造和谐平安家园:新疆阿克苏‘双联户’机制创新社会治理], Legal Daily [法制日报], 22 November 2018.
Zou Jun [邹君], ‘“Joint households” work deployment meeting held in Keyuzi Village, Lower Saadi, Ghulja County’[伊宁县下萨地克于孜村召开“双联户”工作部署会], Xinjiang Ghulja County People’s Government [新疆伊宁县人民政府],26 June 2018.
This document is a Xinjiang party order that asked the ‘ten-household joint defence’ to help investigate those who are flagged for using Zapya. ‘IJOP daily crucial information bulletin‘ [‘一体化联合作战平台’每日要情通报], The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 29 June 2017.
‘Neighbourhood watch and household associations help create harmonious and safe home: Aksu, Xinjiang uses the ‘joint households’ mechanism to innovate social governance’, Legal Daily, 22 November 2018, online.; Zou Jun, ’Joint households” work deployment meeting held in Keyuzi Village, Lower Saadi, Ghulja County’, Xinjiang Ghulja County People’s Government, 26 June 2018. / ‘Kashgar city organises special training for grassroots propaganda lecturers on the spirit of the party’s 19th National Congress’ [喀什市对草根宣讲员进行党的十九大精神专题培训], Kashgar Daily on WeChat [喀什日报微信公众号“喀什零距离”], 16 November 2017.
‘Neighbourhood watch and social interactions help to create harmonious and safe households: Aksu, Xinjiang uses the ‘joint households’ mechanism to regenerate social governance’, Legal Daily, 22 November 2018.
Ibid.
Tian Hui, ‘Innovation and practice of urban community management style in Ürümqi’.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 7 January 2019. / ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 30 December 2018.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Qidaowan Police Station, Shanrun Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局七道湾派出所山润社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 11 February 2019.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Qidaowan Police Station, Longsheng Street Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局七道湾派出所龙盛街社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 1 April 2019.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station, Xinmin West Street Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所新民西街社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 10 February 2018.
‘”Four Togethers” and “Three Gifts” handbook’ [‘四同’‘三送’活动手册], Art of Life in Central Asia, October 2018.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station, Xinmin West Street Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所新民西街社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 10 February 2018.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 4 January 2019.
微信朋友圈, a social media feed similar to Facebook. / ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 11 February 2019.