‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Weihuliang Police Station, Xiejing South Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局苇湖梁派出所斜井南社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 16 December 2018; ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Public Security Bureau, Shirenzigou Police Station, Yushugou Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局苇湖梁派出所斜井南社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 9 November 2018.
‘China: Big data program targets Xinjiang’s Muslims: leaked list of over 2,000 detainees demonstrates automated repression’, Human Rights Watch, 9 December 2020.
‘IJOP daily crucial information bulletin’ [‘一体化联合作战平台’每日要情通报], ICIJ, 29 June 2017.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Weihuliang Police Station, Xiejing South Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局苇湖梁派出所斜井南社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 16 December 2018.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shirenzigou Police Station, Xiejing South Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局苇湖梁派出所斜井南社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 9 November 2018.
‘Central Party Committee issues “Regulations on the CCP’s political-legal work”’ [中共中央印发《中国共产党政法 工作条例》], Xinhua News [新华社] via Central People’s Government [中央人民政府], 18 January 2019, online; Sheena Chestnut Greitens, ‘Domestic security in China under Xi Jinping’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2019.
Such as the spy agency, the Ministry of State Security [国家安全部]. Chang Anjian [长安剑], ‘What does the PLAC do and manage? We now have the most authoritative answer’ [政法委是什么干什么管什么?现在有了最权威的答案], Central PLAC on Wechat via Sina News [新浪新闻], 18 January 2019, online.
Chris Buckley, ‘“Drive the blade in”: Xi shakes up China’s law-and-order forces’, The New York Times, 20 August 2020, online; ‘What does Xi Jinping really mean when he raises again the term “knife handle’’?‘ [习近平重提‘刀把子’论有什么深意?], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 21 January 2015.
Minxin Pei, ‘The CCP’s domestic security taskmaster: The Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 September 2021.
‘IJOP daily crucial information bulletin’ ‘[一体化联合作战平台’每日要情通报], ICIJ, 29 June 2017, online.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxiang Street Police Station, Xiangtai Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所祥泰社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 1 November 2018, online; ‘Solution for the PLAC’s Counterterrorism and Stability Maintenance Command’ [政法委反恐维稳指挥部解决方案], Visionstar Tech [威视讯达]; ‘2018 departmental budget report of Chira County’ [2018年策勒县部门预算报表], p. 24; ‘Bid announcement on the installation of IJOP for the PLAC’ [政治委一体化平台建设标公告], Bidcenter [采招网], 26 November 2018.
‘Chen Quanguo holds Xinjiang stability maintenance work leading small group all-member meeting’ [陈全国主持召开自治区维护稳定工作领导小组全体会议], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 27 September 2016
2018年巴州事业单位招聘职位表(党群单位)
‘Bid announcement for the Konasheher County Counterterrorism Stability Maintenance Command Construction Project’ [疏附县反恐位维稳指挥部建设项目施工招标公告], China E-Tender and Procurement [中国电力招标采购网], 8 February 2018.
A remote Uyghur majority county in Asku Prefecture.
The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra.
‘Release of the Kelpin County PLAC’s 2018 final departmental accounts’ [2018 年度中共柯坪县委政法委员会部门决算公开说明].
Ibid.
‘List of 2018 public institutions’ jobs in Bayingolin Prefecture (party and masses units)’ [2018年巴州事业单位招聘职位表(党群单位)]; ‘Public statement on the 2019 departmental budget’ [新疆维吾尔自治区乌市水磨沟区委政法委员会2019 年部门预算公开], Ürümqi Shuimogou District PLAC [乌市水磨沟区委政法委员会].
‘IJOP daily crucial information bulletin’ [‘一体化联合作战平台’每日要情通报], ICIJ, 25 June 2017.
According to a 2019 Chinese white paper: those who participate in ‘extremist’ activities ‘not serious enough to constitute a crime,’ those whose activities ‘posed a real danger but did not cause actual harm,’ and those who served time for terrorism and still pose ‘a potential threat to society.’ See ‘Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang’, State Council Website, 17 August 2019.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Tianshan District Branch, Xiheba Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局天山区分局西河坝派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 12 November 2018.
‘China’s algorithms of repression: Reverse engineering a Xinjiang police mass surveillance app’, Human Rights Watch, 1 May 2019.
Ibid.
Zhou Xueguang, The institutional logic of governance in China, p. 146.
As the ‘Central Political and Legal Affairs Small Group’ [中央政法小组].
Zhou Yongkun, ‘The history and evolution of the PLAC’’ [周永坤: 政法委的历史与演变], Yanghuang Chunqiu [炎黄春秋] via Aisixiang [爱思想], 10 September 2012.
Qin Qianhong [秦前红], ‘The real problem that Qiao Shi was reflecting upon’ [乔石思考的真问题], Sina News [新浪新闻], 15 June 2015.
‘Zhou Yongkun: The history and evolution of the Political Legal Committee’, Aisixiang, 10 September 2012.
Jonathan Kaiman, ‘Zhou Yongkang: oil boss who became China’s third most powerful man’, The Guardian, 30 July 2014, online; Tania Branigan, ‘Chinese former security tsar Zhou Yongkang charged in corruption case’, The Guardian, 3 April 2015.
Minxin Pei, ‘The CCP’s domestic security taskmaster: the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission’; ‘The CCP will weaken the authority of the PLAC’ [中共将削弱政法委书记权限], Deutsche Welle Chinese, 30 August 2012; Janet Liu, Larry Ong, ‘The rise and fall of China’s domestic security and legal affairs apparatus’, Sino Insider, 4 July 2018
Buckley, ‘“Drive the blade in”: Xi shakes up China’s law-and-order forces’.
‘Release of the Xinjiang PLAC’s 2017 final departmental accounts’ [2017年度自治区党委政法委部门决算公开说明], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府], 31 August 2017.
Sasha Chavkin, ‘Xinjiang’s architect of mass detention: Zhu Hailun’, ICIJ, 24 November 2019.
‘Resume of Comrade Zhu Hailun’ [朱海仑同志简历], People’s Daily Online [人民网], November 2011.
王鼎, ‘Great transformation led to great development’ [大变革促大发展], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 23 November 2014.
杨晓钗, ‘Zhu Hailun: the pioneer who leads the capital of the western region’ [朱海仑: 西域首府引路人], China Youth News [中华儿女新闻网], 19 September 2012.
Zhou Ju [周桔], Li Jing [李静], ‘Problems and countermeasures in Ürümqi neighbourhood grid-style management’ [乌鲁木齐城市社区网格化管理存在的问题与对策], Journal of the Ürümqi Municipal Party School [中共乌鲁木齐市委党校学报], March 2012; Zhu Hailun [朱海仑], ‘Improve the environment and push for leaps and bounds in urban science’ [优化环境 推动城市科学跨越], CCP Members Net [共产党员网], 11 September 2012; Yang Xiaochai, ‘Zhu Hailun: the pioneer who leads the capital of the western region’, China Youth Net, 19 September 2019.
‘Official telegram: Opinions regarding further reinforcement and standardisation of the work of vocational education and training centres’ [自治区机关发电: 关于进一步加强和规范职业技能教育培训中心工作的意见], Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, online; Chavkin, ‘Xinjiang’s architect of mass detention: Zhu Hailun’.
Gene A Bunin, ‘The elephant in the XUAR: II. Brand new prisons, expanding old prisons, and hundreds of thousands of new inmates’, Art of Life in Chinese Central Asia, 4 January 2021.
Lang Peijuan, ‘Characteristics and disadvantages of “fire-fighting” style governance’, People’s Daily Magazine, 15 July 2016.
The author first published this piece on his own WeChat account in 2014. ‘The sentiments of a front-line public security bureau chief in southern Xinjiang’ [一个南疆一线公安局长的感悟], ‘Military Pomegranate Seeds’ on WeChat [微信公众号”武装的石榴籽”], 2 June 2014.
Southern Xinjiang frontline public security bureau chief: To solve frequent violent terrorism (we) should rely on “offense”’ [南疆一线公安局长:解决暴恐多发要靠’进攻’], Sina News [新浪网], 4 August 2014.
Ma Feng, ‘The sentiments of a front-line public security chief in southern Xinjiang’ [马飞: 一个南疆一线公安局长的感悟!], Kunlunce Research Institute on WeChat [昆仑策研究院微信公众号], 16 July 2017.
‘Xinjiang High People’s Court’, State Council Information Office, 23 December 2014, online; ‘Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang High People’s Court’, Legal Daily, 23 December 2014.
Li Xin’an [李新安], ‘Xinjiang’s Ili Prefecture conducts mass public sentencing, public arrest and public detention and publicly sentencing 55 defendants’ [新疆伊犁州举行公判、公捕、公拘大会 对55名被告人公开宣判], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 27 May 2014.
Ibid.
Wang Shulin [王书林], ‘Always place top priority on strike hard during trials’ [始终把严打置于审判工作的重中之重], People’s Court Daily [人民法院报], 8 June 2015.
‘Never repost or disseminate violent terrorist audio or videos! Otherwise, the consequences will be very serious!’ [切勿转发传播暴力恐怖音视频! 否则后果很严重!], Altay City Public Security [阿勒泰市公安], 13 March 2016.
‘Xinjiang High People’s Court demands’, State Council Information Office, 23 December 2014, online; Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang High People’s Court’, Legal Daily, 23 December 2014.
Lang Peijuan, ‘Characteristics and disadvantages of “fire-fighting” style governance’, China University of Political Science and Law, 15 July 2016.
Ibid.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station, Xinmin West Street Neighbourhood Police Substation’ (乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所新民西街社区警务室), Ürümqi Police Records, 28 February 2018.
Tanner, Strike hard! Anti-crime campaigns and Chinese criminal justice, 1979–1985, p. 98. 54Ramzy & Buckley, ‘“Absolutely no mercy”: Leaked files expose how China organized mass detentions of Muslims’
The New York Times, 16 November 2019 .
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, 2017.
Liu Caiyu, Liu Xuanzun, ‘Xinjiang revises its anti-extremism regulation’, Global Times, 10 October 2018, online; ‘New revision to “Xinjiang De-Extremification Regulation” published’ [新修订版《新疆维吾尔自治区去极端化条例》发布], Standing Committee of Xinjiang People’s Congress [新疆自治区人大常委会] via National Security and Anti-Terrorism Information Net [国家安全-反恐怖主义信息网], 9 October 2018.
Gene A Bunin, ‘The elephant in the XUAR: III. “In accordance with the law”’, Art of Life in Central Asia, 19 April 2021.
Ibid.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, convenience police station SY-150’ (便民警务室SY-150), Ürümqi Police Records, 14 September 2017.
‘China: Big data program targets Xinjiang’s Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 9 December 2020.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 15 January 2019, online; ‘Profile of Ekrem Imin’, Xinjiang Victims Database
Ibid.
Dake Kang, ‘Room for 10,000: Inside China’s largest detention center’, The Associated Press, 22 July 2021, online.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Public Branch, Shuimogou Police Station, Wenxi Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所温西社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 29 November 2018
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 18 March 2019.
Which were in theory acknowledged and embraced by Xi’s recent predecessors to some extent. Qian Gang [钱钢], ‘Who will terminate “judicial independence”?’ [谁要给“司法独立”判死刑?], FT Chinese, 19 January 2015
Carl Minzner, ‘Legal reform in the Xi Jinping era’, Asia Policy, July 2015, 20:4–6.
Jacques deLisle, ‘The rule of law with Xi-era characteristics: law for economic reform, anticorruption, and illiberal politics, Asia Policy, July 2015, 20:23–29.
‘At the Xinjiang Party Committee conference on ruling Xinjiang in accordance with law, Chen Quanguo emphasises the need to deeply implement Xi Jinping Thought and comprehensively push the “Govern Xinjiang in accordance with law” policy to new heights’ [陈全国在自治区党委全面依法治疆委员会会议上强调:深入贯彻落实习近平法治思想,推动全面依法治疆迈上新台阶], Tianshan News [天山网], 24 May 2021
‘Hu Jintao chairs the the first collective study of the 17th Central Politburo’ [胡锦涛主持十七届中央政治局第一次集体学习], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 27 August 2013.
Xiao Hui [肖辉], Zhang Qiao [张乔], ‘Governing the nation in accordance with law doctrine enshrined in the constitution in 1999’ [1999年依法治国写入宪法], Phoenix News [凤凰新闻], 16 September 2009.
Li Lin [李林], ‘The origin of Xi Jinping’s rule by law theory’, [习近平法治思想的理论渊源], Guangming Daily [光明日报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 22 January 2021.
‘Xi Jinping’s latest quotes on rule by law help to analyse the reasons why high-profile cadres commit crimes’ [习近平谈法治最新金句,剖析高级干部走上犯罪道路原因], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 15 February 2019