ASPI之前的报告《待售的维吾尔人》 (Uyghurs for sale)指出,在远离家乡的工厂里,维吾尔工人通常和其他工人分开住,并在工作时间之外接受有组织的汉语和意识形态培训。他们受到持续监视,宗教信仰被禁止。362中国媒体2017年报道说,在党的干部到偏远的皮山县的各家各户施压以前,没有一位村民自愿报名加入劳动力转移计划、前往4000公里外的安徽省工作。363
The Chinese party-state officially recognises 56 minzu (民族) groups in China: a single Han majority and 55 numerically much smaller groups that currently make up nearly 9% of China’s population. The term minzu is deeply polysemic and notoriously difficult to translate. Depending on the context of its use, the term can connote concepts similar to ‘nation’, ‘race’, ‘people’ and ‘ethnicity’ in English. Party officials initially used the English term ‘nationality’ to render the term into English. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party gradually pivoted away from nationality, preferring the term ‘ethnic minorities’ for the non-Han groups and reserving the term ‘nation’ for the collective identity and name of the ‘Chinese nation-race’ (中华民族). See James Leibold, ‘The minzu net: China’s fragmented national form,’ Nations and Nationalism, 2016, 22(3):425–428. While party officials reject any assertion of indigeneity in China, Harvard historian Mark Elliott argues that China’s non-Han peoples are better thought of as indigenous communities rather than as ‘ethnic minorities’, which is a term widely used to refer to migrant populations in places such Canada or Australia, as these groups ‘continue to live on lands to which they have reasonably strong ancestral claims; in their encounter with the majority Other, all of them assume the status of “natives” vis-a-vis the representatives of a central (often formerly colonial or quasi-colonial) government from the outside; and all of them find themselves in positions of relative weakness as a result of an asymmetrical power structure, often the consequence of technological inferiority.’ Mark Elliott, ‘The case of the missing indigene: debate over a “second-generation” ethnic policy’, The China Journal, 2015, 73:207. Throughout this report and our website, we’ve used the terms ‘indigenous’, ‘ethnic minority’ and ‘nationality’ interchangeably to gloss the term minzu, depending on the context. When we refer to the Uyghurs generically, we’re also referring to other Turkic communities in Xinjiang: the Kazakhs, Tajiks, Kyrgyzs and Uzbeks who have also been targeted in China’s crackdown in Xinjiang.
For two online repositories of this now vast literature see The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra, and The Xinjiang Documentation Project, University of British Columbia.
‘China: Crimes against humanity in Xinjiang: Mass detention, torture, cultural persecution of Uyghurs, other Turkic Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 19 April 2021; Sheena Chestnut Greitens, Myunghee Lee, Emir Yazici, ‘Counterterrorism and preventive repression: China’s changing strategy in Xinjiang’, International Security, Winter 2019–20, 44(3).
‘“Eradicating ideological viruses”—China’s campaign of repression against Xinjiang’s Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 9 September 2018; Chun Hang Wong, ‘China’s hard edge: the leader of Beijing’s Muslim crackdown gains influence’, The Wall Street Journal, 7 April 2019; Adrian Zenz, James Leibold, ‘Chen Quanguo: The strongman
behind Beijing’s securitization strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang’, China Brief, 21 September 2017, 17(12).
James Leibold, ‘The spectre of insecurity: the CCP’s mass internment strategy in Xinjiang’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2019; Austin Ramzy, Chris Buckley, ‘“Absolutely no mercy”: Leaked files expose how China organised mass detentions of Muslims’, The New York Times, 16 November 2019; Adrian Zenz, ‘Evidence of the Chinese central government’s knowledge of and involvement in Xinjiang’s re-education internment campaign’, China Brief, 14 September 2021.
Martin S Flaherty, ‘Repression by any other name: Xinjiang and the genocide debate’, The Diplomat, 3 August 2021; James Leibold, ‘Beyond Xinjiang: Xi Jinping’s ethnic crackdown’, The Diplomat, 1 May 2021; Joanne Smith Finley, ‘Why scholars and activists increasingly fear a Uyghur genocide in Xinjiang’, Journal of Genocide Research, 2021, 23(3):348–370.
Lily Kuo, Gerry Shih, ‘China researchers face abuse, sanctions as Beijing looks to silence critics’, Washington Post, 7 April 2021; ‘China scrubs evidence of Xinjiang clampdown amid “genocide” debate’, The Washington Post, 17 March 2021; Rebecca Wright, Ivan Watson, ‘She tweeted from Sweden about the plight of her Uyghur cousin. In Xinjiang, the authorities were watching’, CNN, 17 December 2020.
These sources include English and Chinese-language academic papers, local media reports and official party and state documents.
The Ürümqi Police Records were provided to ASPI by journalist Yael Grauer, who wrote for The Intercept about the database, and has since left the outlet. See Yael Grauer, ‘Revealed: Massive Chinese police database’, The Intercept, 29 January 2021
It also walks the viewer through the offices involved in several key aspects of the crackdown against Uyghurs: propaganda, re-education, Fanghuiju, forced labour and population control. The chart isn’t meant to be a comprehensive picture of the vast Chinese bureaucracy but rather an illustrative snapshot of the different levels of the Chinese bureaucracy that played an active role in designing, coordinating or implementing the party’s policies in Xinjiang, from the central level in Beijing to the villages and neighbourhoods in Xinjiang.
This case was first publicised by the Xinjiang Victims Database (@shaitbiz), ‘Some months ago, XJ officials told visiting journalists that the Dabancheng facility in Ürümqi was never a camp [Tweet]’, Twitter, 27 August 2019. The Associated Press reported that the detention centre was the largest in the world. See Dake Kang, ‘Room for 10,000: Inside China’s largest detention center’, The Associated Press, 1 December 2018.
See the map and dataset at The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra
‘“Home School” Initiative enters village households, “beautifying” the lives of villagers’ “家庭学校”进农户活动让村民生活“靓”起来, Qingfeng Net 清风网, 20 November 2019
Timothy A. Grose, ‘If you don’t know how, just learn’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 06 July 2020
Nathan Ruser, ‘Cultural erasure: Tracing the destruction of Uyghur and Islamic spaces in Xinjiang’, ASPI, Canberra, 24 September 2020.
Sean R Roberts, The war on the Uyghurs: China’s internal campaign against a Muslim minority, Princeton University Press, 2020.
Sean R Roberts, The war on the Uyghurs: China’s internal campaign against a Muslim minority, Princeton University Press, 2020.
‘Media: Xi Jinping is first to mention “zero tolerance” for terrorism’ [媒体:习近平首次提出对恐怖主义”零容忍”], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 22 May 2014
‘Media: Xi Jinping is first to mention “zero tolerance” for terrorism’ [媒体:习近平首次提出对恐怖主义”零容忍”], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 22 May 2014
Paul Mozur, ‘One month, 500,000 face scans: how China is using AI to profile a minority’, The New York Times, 14 April 2019; Michael Clarke, ‘Settler colonialism and the path toward cultural genocide in Xinjiang’, in Adrian Gallagher, Charles T Hunt, Cecilia Jacob (eds), Global responsibility to protect, Brill, Leiden, 2021; James Leibold, ‘The spectre of insecurity: the CCP’s mass internment strategy in Xinjiang’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2019.
Austin Ramzy, Chris Buckley, ‘”Absolutely no mercy”: Leaked files expose how China organized mass detentions of Muslims’, The New York Times, 16 November 2019
‘Media: Xi Jinping is first to mention “zero tolerance” for terrorism’, People’s Daily Online, 22 May 2014
Gui Tiantian [桂田田], ‘The “counterterrorism work leading small groups” demystified: Counterterrorism work leading small groups have been set up in different regions, and their functions include counterterrorist intelligence, early warnings, emergency response, etc.’ [揭秘”反恐怖工作领导小组”: 各地反恐怖工作领导小组陆续成立 职能包括反恐情报预警、应急处置、善后等], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 26 May 2014, online; ‘Xinjiang launches the Strike Hard Campaign against violent terrorism’ [新疆启动严打暴恐专项行动], People’s Daily [人民日报], 24 May 2014
Ibid.
Since in Xinjiang and elsewhere in China there have been many ‘strike hard’ campaigns, this report uses the shortened term ‘2014 Counterterrorism Campaign’ to refer to this campaign. The authors note that other researchers have adopted the term ‘2014 Strike Hard Campaign’. See ‘“Break their lineage, break their roots”: China’s crimes against humanity targeting Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 19 April 2021
‘Xinjiang will continue to carry out the Counterterrorism Campaign this year’ [新疆今年继续开展严打专项行动], State Council Information Office [国务院新闻办公室], 8 January 2015
Zhang Yi [张亦], ‘The story behind the dismissal of Zhang Chunxian: Is Zhongnanhai dissatisfied with his soft approach to governance of Xinjiang?’’ [张春贤“出局”背后 中南海不满柔性治疆?], DuoWei News [多维新闻], 30 October 2017
Xiao Zhongren [肖中仁], Yang Qiong [杨琼], ‘Xinjiang secretary Zhang Chunxian discussing his “soft approach to Xinjiang’s governance” (video)’ [新疆书记张春贤谈“柔性治疆”体会(视频)], Sina News [新浪新闻], 10 March 2012
Zhang Ran [张然], ‘Chen Quanguo appointed Xinjiang party secretary, Zhang Chunxian transferred elsewhere’ [陈全国任新疆书记张春贤另有任用], Beijing Times [京华时报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 30 August 2016
Meng Yaxu [孟亚旭], Shi Xiuli [施秀丽], ‘From Tibet to Xinjiang, Chen Quanguo has kept this unique habit’ [从西藏到新疆,陈全国保留这个特殊习惯], People’s Daily Online [人民网] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 23 February 2017
Jessica Batke, ‘Where did the one million figure for detentions in Xinjiang’s camps come from?’, China File, 8 January 2019
Ben Dooley, ‘Inside China’s internment camps: tear gas, tasers and textbooks’, AFP, 25 October 2018
See section 7.2: Re-education camps, for a full list of justifications Xinjiang authorities have used to round people up; Raffi Khatchadourian, ‘Surviving the crackdown in Xinjiang’, The New Yorker, 5 April 2021
Gerry Shih, ‘China’s mass indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution’, The Associated Press, 18 May 2018; ‘“Eradicating ideological viruses”—China’s campaign of repression against Xinjiang’s Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 9 September 2018, online; Adrian Zenz, ‘“Thoroughly reforming them towards a healthy heart attitude”: China’s political re-education campaign in Xinjiang’, Central Asian Survey, 2019, 38(1):102–128; Nathan Ruser, ‘Exploring Xinjiang’s detention system’, The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra.
Wang Mingshan [王明山], ‘Establish and maintain social stability, long-lasting stable rule’ [开创维护社会稳定和长治久安新局面], People’s Public Security Newspaper [人民公安报], 7 November 2017; Li Gang, ‘Ensure the realisation of continuous stability, long-term stability and comprehensive stability’ [李刚: 确保实现持续稳定长期稳定全面稳定], Tianshan News [天山网], 17 July 2017
Vicky Xiuzhong Xu, Danielle Cave, James Leibold, Kelsey Munro, Nathan Ruser, ‘Uyghurs for sale: ‘re-education’, forced labour and surveillance beyond Xinjiang’, ASPI, Canberra, 1 March 2020
Nathan Ruser, James Leibold, ‘Family de-planning: the coercive campaign to drive down indigenous birth-rates in Xinjiang’, ASPI, Canberra, 12 May 2021
See section 7.1: Propaganda
‘China: Crimes against humanity in Xinjiang’, Human Rights Watch, 19 April 2021
‘The Uyghur genocide: An examination of China’s breaches of the 1948 Genocide Convention’, New Institute for Strategy and Policy, March 2021
‘The Uyghur genocide: An examination of China’s breaches of the 1948 Genocide Convention’, New Institute for Strategy and Policy, March 2021
Nathan Ruser, ‘Documenting Xinjiang’s detention system’, ASPI, Canberra, September 2020, online; Chris Buckley, Austin Ramzy, ‘Night images reveal many new detention sites in China’s Xinjiang region’, The New York Times, 24 September 2020
Adrian Zenz, ‘The Karakax list: dissecting the anatomy of Beijing’s internment drive in Xinjiang’, Journal of Political Risk, February 2020, vol. 8
Chris Buckley, ‘China’s prisons swell after deluge of arrests engulfs Muslims’, The New York Times, 31 August 2019, online; Gene A Bunin, ‘From camps to prisons: Xinjiang’s next great human rights catastrophe’, Art of Life in Chinese Central Asia, 5 October 2019
Nathan Ruser, ‘Exploring Xinjiang’s detention system’, Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra, 24 September 2020
Nathan Ruser, ‘Exploring Xinjiang’s detention system’, Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra, 24 September 2020
Charles P Cell, Revolution at work: Mobilization campaigns in China, Academic Press, New York, 1977, 67-73; Gordon A Bennett, Yundong: Mass campaigns in Chinese communist leadership, Center for Chinese Studies, Berkeley, 1976, 44-45.
Harold M Tanner, Strike hard! Anti-crime campaigns and Chinese criminal justice, 1979-1985, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1999, p. 89, pp. 143-147.
Sigal Samuel, ‘China is treating Islam like a mental illness’, The Atlantic, 28 August 2018
Ding Junping [丁俊萍], ‘Reflections on Mao Zedong’s theories and thoughts on the party’s political construction’ [毛泽东关于党的政治建设的理论思考], *Mao Zedong Research* [毛泽东研究], 2018, 52–59
‘China: Two former Uyghur officials sentenced for “separatist activities”‘, Deutsche Welle English, 7 April 2021, online; Mamtimin Ala, ‘Turn in the two-faced: The plight of Uyghur intellectuals’, The Diplomat, 12 October 2018
‘Cultural Revolution restored: Seven cadres who cannot recite the quotes of Chen Quanguo are punished’ [文革復辟︰背不出陳全國語錄,七幹部受罰], *Radio Free Asia Cantonese*, 23 October 2017
“Three Gratitudes, Three Wishes” lead Uchturpan farmers and herdsmen party members to demonstrate their loyalty’ [“三感恩,三祝愿”引领乌什农牧民党员践忠诚], *Tianshan News* [天山网], 16 June 2017
Ramzy & Buckley, ‘“Absolutely no mercy”: Leaked files expose how China organized mass detentions of Muslims’
Xinjiang High People’s Court orders thorough implementation of “strike hard” targeted actions’ [自治区高级人民法院要求:深入推进‘严打’专项行动], The State Council Information Office [中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室], 23 December 2014; Pang Congwu [潘从武], ‘Xinjiang High People’s Court further implements strike hard targeted actions against violence and terrorism, trials are combined with public denunciations’ [新疆高院深入推进严打暴恐专项行动,审判与揭批相结合], *Sina News* [新浪新闻], 23 December 2014
See section 7.1: Propaganda
He Bing [何兵], ‘1.6 million people participated in show trials’ [160万人参加的公判大会], *Sina News* [新浪新闻], 7 November 2014
‘Xinjiang High People’s Court orders thorough implementation of “strike hard” targeted actions’, State Council Information Office, 23 December 2014; Pang Congwu, ’Xinjiang High People’s Court further implements strike hard targeted actions against violence and terrorism, trials are combined with public denunciations’, *Sina News*, 23 December 2014
Klaus Mühlhahn, ‘How shaming was used in Chinese history’, *The New York Times*, 31 July 2010
Li Yue [李玥], ‘“Huarong show trial” threatens China’s rule by law’ [‘华容公审’是法治中国的‘害群之马’], *People’s Daily* [人民网], 24 October 2014; Chen Han [陈瀚], ‘Why repeated prohibitions cannot stop “show trials”’ [陈瀚:‘公审公判’为何屡禁不止], Institute of Law – Chinese Academy of Social Sciences [中国法学网], 11 May 2016
Ibid n. 61.
Zhang Chunxian [张春贤], ‘“Strive to write a new chapter in Xinjiang’s social stability and long-term stable rule” – An in-depth study and implementation of the spirit of the second Central Xinjiang Work Symposium’ [张春贤:奋力谱写新疆社会稳定和长治久安新篇章—深入学习贯彻第二次中央新疆工作座谈会精神], *People’s Daily Online* [人民网], 1 August 2014
Zhou Xueguang, *The institutional logic of governance in China*, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Hong Kong, 2017
Elizabeth J Perry, ‘From mass campaigns to managed campaigns: “Constructing a new socialist countryside”‘ in Elizabeth J Perry, Sebastian Heilmann (eds), *Mao’s invisible hand: The political foundations of adaptive governance in China*, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2011; ‘Feng Shizheng: Formations and variations of China’s national campaigns’ [冯仕政:中国国家运动的形成与变异], *Aisixiang* [爱思想], 27 March 2011
Zhou Xueguang, *The institutional logic of governance in China*, p. 127; Elizabeth J Perry, Sebastian Heilmann, ‘Embracing uncertainty: Guerrilla policy style and adaptive governance in China’, in Elizabeth J Perry, Sebastian Heilmann (eds), *Mao’s Invisible Hand*, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 17, 2011
Feng Shizheng, ‘The formation and variation of the national campaigns in China’, [冯仕政:中国国家运动的形成与变异], *Aisixiang* [爱思想], 27 March 2011
Lang Peijuan, ‘Characteristics and disadvantages of “fire-fighting” governance’ [郎佩娟:“救火式”治理特点及弊端], *People’s Daily Magazine* [人民论坛] via China University of Political Science and Law [中国政法大学], 15 July 2016
Zhou Xueguang, *The Institutional Logic of Governance in China*, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Hong Kong, 2017, pp. 146–151
Li Hui [李辉, ‘How does “campaign-style governance” become ongoing?’ [‘运动式治理’缘何长期存在?], *Aisixiang* [爱思想], 9 December 2017
Elizabeth J Perry, Sebastian Heilmann, ‘Embracing uncertainty: Guerrilla policy style and adaptive governance in China’ in Elizabeth J Perry, Sebastian Heilmann (eds), *Mao’s invisible hand: the political foundations of adaptive governance in China*, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2011, 1–37
Deng Xiaoping promised repeatedly to never initiate a mass campaign, despite having initiated the 1983 Strike Hard Campaign. Ye Jiefu [叶介甫], ‘Liu Fuzhi and the “Strike Hard” Campaign of 1983’ [刘复之与1983年‘严打’], *People’s Daily Online* [人民网], 16 December 2013; Zhang Wenxian [张文显], ‘Deng Xiaoping’s democratic rule by law thoughts shall forever shine’’ [邓小平民主法治思想永放光芒], *China Social Sciences Net* [中国社会科学网], 22 August 2014
Jiang Zemin said he would ‘never start some kind of mass campaign’. Jiang Zemin, ‘On politics’ [江泽民:关于讲政治], *Reform Data* [中国改革信息库], 3 March 1996.
Hu Jintao’s famous *bu zheteng* [不折腾] was translated to ‘no self-consuming political movements’ or ‘avoid self-inflicted setbacks’. ‘Chinese Ambassador to Namibia proposed an English translation for the term “*bu zheteng*”’ [我国驻外大使提出‘不折腾’英文译法], *Sina News* [新浪新闻], 18 January 2009
Evan Osnos, ‘Born red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China’s most authoritarian leader since Mao’, *The New Yorker*, 30 March 2015
A similarly negative attitude towards campaigns was expressed again by Xi in a 2012 public speech. See Xi Jinping [习近平], ‘Speech during the inspection of poverty alleviation and development work in Fuping County, Hebei Province’ [在河北省阜平县考察扶贫开发工作时的讲话], *China Youth Net* [中国青年网], 15 February 2021; Qiu Ran [邱然], Chen Si [陈思], ‘“Jinping will always be the county party secretary of Zhengding” – about Xi Jinping in Zhending’ [‘近平是正定永不卸任的县委书记’ ——习近平在正定], *Xinhua Net* [新华网], 8 February 2018
‘The Politburo of the Central Committee studies and further promotes social stability and long-term stable rule in Xinjiang’ [中央政治局研究进一步推进新疆社会稳定和长治久安工作], State Council Website [中央政府门户网站], 26 May 2014; ‘Xi Jinping affirms that the strategy of governing Xinjiang is correct, and orders to “strike hard” against violent and terrorist activities’ [习近平肯定治疆方略正确,要求严打暴力恐怖活动], *chinanews.com* [中国新闻网], 29 May 2014; Xi Jinping, ‘Firmly rely on law-based governance in Xinjiang, unity to stabilise Xinjiang, culture to assimilate Xinjiang, the people’s prosperity to rejuvenate Xinjiang. Strive to build a new era of socialist Xinjiang with Chinese characteristics’ [习近平:坚持依法治疆团结稳疆文化润疆富民兴疆长期建疆 努力建设新时代中国特色社会主义新疆], *Xinhua Net* [新华网], 26 September 2020.
Ning Wang, *Banished to the great northern wilderness: Political exile and re-education in Mao’s China*, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2017; Charles P Cell, *Revolution at work: Mobilization campaigns in China*, Academic Press, New York, 1977, 67–73; Gordon A Bennett, *Yundong: Mass campaigns in Chinese communist leadership*, Center for Chinese Studies, Berkeley, 1976, 44–45.
Zhou Xueguang, ‘Campaign-style governance mechanism: reflection on the logic of China’s administrative system’ [运动型治理机制: 中国国家治理的制度逻辑再思考], *Open Era* [开放时代], 2012, 105–125; Zhou Xueguang, *The institutional logic of governance in China*; Wang Mingshan [王明山], ‘Create and maintain a new situation in social stability and long-term stable rule [开创维护社会稳定和长治久安新局面], *Public Security Bureau News* [人民公安报], 7 November 2017; ‘The Xinjiang propaganda lecture group giving lectures in Hotan about the spirits of the party’s 19th National Congress’ [党的十九大精神自治区宣讲团在和田宣讲], *Hotan Prefecture Commission for* *Discipline Inspection* [和田地区纪委], 14 November 2014; Li Gang, ‘Ensure the realisation of continuous stability, long-term stability and comprehensive stability’ [李刚:确保实现持续稳定长期稳定全面稳定], *Tianshan News* [天山网], 17 February 2017.
Darren Byler, ‘“The atmosphere has become abnormal”: Han Chinese views from Xinjiang’, *SupChina*, 4 November 2020
The ‘Ürümqi Police Database’ was provided to ASPI by freelance journalist Yael Grauer, who wrote for The Intercept about the database. See Yael Grauer, ‘Revealed: Massive Chinese police database’, The Intercept, 29 January 2021
社区居民委员会 or 社区工作组. Another common translation for it is Residents’ Committee. See ‘Xinjiang Village Work Team: Must actively speak out to clarify the truth and strive to maintain stability’ [新疆住村工作组:主动发声讲真相, 打响维稳攻坚战], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 25 May 2014.
Byler, ‘“The atmosphere has become abnormal”: Han Chinese views from Xinjiang’; ‘“Eradicating ideological viruses”: China’s campaign of repression against Xinjiang’s Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 9 September 2018.
Ürümqi’s Xinmin West Street Neighbourhood is located in Shuimogou District [乌鲁木齐市水磨沟区新民路片区新民西街社区], one of the four central districts of Xinjiang’s capital city.
His case was first mentioned by Gene Bunin in ‘The elephant in the XUAR: III. “In accordance with the law”’, Art of Life in Central Asia, 19 April 2021, online; ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 16 November 2018.
As per his Chinese ID number in the police records. ‘Profile of Anayit Abliz: Entry 24100’, Xinjiang Victims Database.
‘Today’s “focus report” is different (and) clears Xinjiang’s name!’’ [今天的《焦点访谈》不一般 为新疆正名!], Guancha [观察], 16 October 2018.
Virtual private networks: web services used by many in China to bypass the Great Firewall.
‘Differences between neighbourhood, subdistrict and neighbourhood committees?’ [社区、街道和居委会的区别?], People’s Government of Gulou District, Fuzhou City [福州市鼓楼区人民政府], 11 July 2019. / ‘China Urban Neighbourhood Committee Organisation Law’ [中华人民共和国城市居民委员会组织法], State Council [国务院], 26 December 1989.
Tamara Jacka, Wu Chengrui, ‘Village self-government and representation in southwest China’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 2015, 46(1):71–94.
Hu Jintao, ‘Further improve rural grassroots governance mechanisms that are in line with China’s domestic circumstances’ [胡锦涛:进一步完善符合中国国情农村基层治理机制], Central People’s Government of China [中国中央政府], 10 November 2009. / Monica Martinez-Bravo, Gerard Padró i Miquel, Nancy Qian, Yang Yao, The Rise and fall of local elections in China: Theory and empirical evidence on the autocrat’s trade-off, Global Poverty Research Lab, 21 February 2018.
Lu Jian [陆健], Yan Hongfeng [严红枫], ’“Fengqiao experience”: China’s plan for grassroots social governance [‘枫桥经验’: 基层社会治理的中国方案], Guangming Daily [光明日报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 17 March 2021. / ‘Secretary Xi Jinping said to hold firm to the “Fengqiao experience” and build on it’, QS Theory [求是网], 2 March 2021
‘Xi Jinping mentions again the ‘Fengqiao experience’ as advocated by Mao Zedong’ [习近平重提毛泽东提倡的“枫桥经验”], BBC Chinese, 11 October 2013.
Yang Min [杨敏], ‘Citizen participation, mass participation and community participation’ [公民参与、群众参与与社区参与], Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2005, 25(5):78–95. / Wen-hui Tsai, ‘Mass mobilization campaigns in Mao’s China’, American Journal of Chinese Studies, April 1999, 6(1):21–48; Perry, ‘From mass campaigns to managed campaigns: “constructing a new socialist countryside”’; Joel Andreas, Yige Dong, ‘“Mass supervision” and the bureaucratization of governance in China’, in Vivienne Shue, Patricia Thornton (eds), To govern China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, 123–152.
Gong Weibin [龚维斌], ‘Strengthen and innovate grassroots social governance’ [加强和创新基层社会治理], CPC News [中国共产党新闻网], 18 September 2020. / ‘China’s Communist Party worries about its grassroots weakness’, The Economist, 13 June 2020, online; Jun Mai, ‘China’s Communist Party to reinforce “crucial” grass-roots controls’, South China Morning Post, 14 June 2021.
Raymond Zhong, Paul Mozur, ‘To tame coronavirus, Mao-style social control blankets China’, The New York Times, 15 February 2020.
Minxin Pei, ‘Grid management: China’s latest institutional tool of social control’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2021.
Darren Byler, ‘Preventative policing as neighbourhood detention in northwest China’, Made in China Journal, 25 October 2019
Minxin Pei, ‘Grid management: China’s latest institutional tool of social control’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2021.
Eyewitness Anar Sabit told The New Yorker magazine that a Neighbourhood Committee official responsible for her case often wore camouflage. Raffi Khatchadourian, ‘Surviving the crackdown in Xinjiang’, The New Yorker, 5 April 2021./A 2017 county-level Fanghuiju manual asked cadres to avoid showing camouflage in photos. ‘Key points on Kunes County’s village-based Fanghuiju work in April 2017’ [新源县2017年“访民情惠民生聚民心”驻村工作 4月工作要点], Leading Small Group Office Documents [领导小组办公室文件], 2017. /A 2018 police report says that a Neighbourhood Committee staff member was criticised by their superior for only wearing regular camouflage instead of combat clothing. ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Liudaowan Police Station, Wuxing North Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局六道湾派出所五星北社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 9 November 2018.
A similar phenomenon was seen during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, see Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, ‘Coping with the trauma: official and unofficial histories of the Cultural Revolution’, preliminary draft, Non-Western and Comparative Studies, Brandeis University, 2015.
Tahir Hamut Izgil, ‘One by one, my friends were sent to the camps’, The Atlantic, 14 July 2021.
Li Xinting [李欣庭], ‘Reflecting on the current status of Xinjiang’s implementation of rural neighbourhood policing strategy in the context of counterterrorism’ [反恐背景下新疆实施农村社区警务战略现状与思考], Journal of Yunnan Police Officer Academy [云南警官学院学报], 2016, 118 (5). / Yang Rui [杨睿], Li Na [李娜], ‘Concerns and recommendations for rural police work in Xinjiang’ [新疆农村警务工作的隐忧与建议], Journal of Guangxi Police College [云南警官学院学报], 2018, 31(1).
Yang Rui, Li Na, ‘Concerns and recommendations for rural police work in Xinjiang’, Journal of Guangxi Police College, 2018, 31(1).
Adrian Zenz, James Leibold, ‘Xinjiang’s rapidly evolving security state’, China Brief, 14 March 2017, online; Adrian Zenz, James Leibold, ‘Chen Quanguo: The strongman Behind Beijing’s securitization strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang’, China Brief, 21 September 2017, 17(12).
Wu Qiang, ‘Urban grid management and police state in China: a brief overview’, China Change, 12 August 2014. / Chen Mengyuan [陈梦媛], ‘Research on optimising the grid management system in Xinjiang’ [新疆网格化治理体系的优化研究], MA thesis, Xinjiang Normal University, 2017.
Sheena Chestnut Greitens, ‘Domestic security in China under Xi Jinping’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2019.
‘Ürümqi, Xinjiang: Establish mechanisms to emphasize urban party-building in order to strengthen the party’s governance foundation in the city’ [新疆乌鲁木齐市:构建城市大党建工作格局厚植党在城市的执政基础], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 22 April 2019.
‘China: Visiting officials occupy homes in Muslim region—‘Becoming Family’ campaign intensifies repression in Xinjiang’, Human Rights Watch, 13 May 2018.
Darren Byler, ‘China’s government has ordered a million citizens to occupy Uighur homes. Here’s what they think they’re doing’, China File, 24 October 2018.
Zhang Lizhe [张立哲], ‘Research on “targeted individuals” management in rural Xinjiang from the perspective of social stability’ [社会稳定视角下新疆农村重点人口防治问题研究], Journal of Hebei Vocational College of Public Security Police [河北公安警察职业学院学报], 2016, 16(1).
‘Xinjiang Fanghuiju review: A major fundamental policy to promote long-term stable rule’ [新疆‘访惠聚’述评:推进长治久安的重大治本之策], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via chinanews.com [中国新闻网], 13 January 2015.
Chen Hui [陳輝], Examination of China’s urban neighbourhood committees 1949-1979 [1949–1979年中國城市區民委員會的考察], Chinese University of Hong Kong [香港中文大學], December 2003.
‘Xinjiang Fanghuiju village-based work models explore new paths for harmonious development’ [新疆“访惠聚”驻村工作模式探索和谐发展新路径], Xinhua Net [新华网], 27 September 2018. / ‘Altay City: Do well in ‘morning dispatch and evening evaluation’ work, make community work shine’ [阿勒泰市:做好“早派工、晚研判”工作 推动社区工作大 放光彩], Qingfeng News [清风网], 22 September 2017. / ‘[News bulletin from the village]: Strictly implement the “morning dispatch and evening evaluation” mechanism, further improve work efficiency’ [[驻村快讯] 严格落实“早派工晚研判”工作机制,进一步提升工作效能], Turpan City Gaochang District Land and Resources Bureau [吐鲁番市高昌区国土资源局], 4 October 2017. / ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 28 January 2019.
Raffi Khatchadourian, ‘Surviving the crackdown in Xinjiang’, The New Yorker, 5 April 2021.
Ibid.
Or shopfronts in a commercial area.
119 The ‘ten-household joint defense’ policy began in Tibet and its implementation in Xinjiang coincided with Chen Quanguo’s arrival. According to an account by Uyghur poet Tahir Hamut Izgil, who was living in Ürümqi at the time, the ‘ten-household joint defence’ was rolled out across Xinjiang around May 2017. Tahir Hamut Izgil, ‘One by one, my friends were sent to the camps’, The Atlantic, 14 July 2021. / ‘Tibet commends 1202 “advanced joint households” families,as more than 3000 representatives of joint households are elected to the village “two committees”’’ [西藏表彰1202户“先进双联户”家庭,3000多名联户代表选进村“两委”], China Peace [长安网], 6 January 2015. / Yan Dangen [闫党恩], ‘Qamdo, Tibet has improved its stability maintenance situation, with every resident as a sentinel and every village as a fortress’ [西藏昌都完善维稳格局:人人当哨兵 村村是堡垒], chinanews.com [中国新闻网], 21 August 2014.
‘Neighbourhood watch and household associations help create harmonious and safe home: Aksu, Xinjiang uses the ‘joint households’ mechanism to innovate social governance’ [邻里守望户户联动打造和谐平安家园:新疆阿克苏‘双联户’机制创新社会治理], Legal Daily [法制日报], 22 November 2018.
Zou Jun [邹君], ‘“Joint households” work deployment meeting held in Keyuzi Village, Lower Saadi, Ghulja County’[伊宁县下萨地克于孜村召开“双联户”工作部署会], Xinjiang Ghulja County People’s Government [新疆伊宁县人民政府],26 June 2018.
This document is a Xinjiang party order that asked the ‘ten-household joint defence’ to help investigate those who are flagged for using Zapya. ‘IJOP daily crucial information bulletin‘ [‘一体化联合作战平台’每日要情通报], The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 29 June 2017.
‘Neighbourhood watch and household associations help create harmonious and safe home: Aksu, Xinjiang uses the ‘joint households’ mechanism to innovate social governance’, Legal Daily, 22 November 2018, online.; Zou Jun, ’Joint households” work deployment meeting held in Keyuzi Village, Lower Saadi, Ghulja County’, Xinjiang Ghulja County People’s Government, 26 June 2018. / ‘Kashgar city organises special training for grassroots propaganda lecturers on the spirit of the party’s 19th National Congress’ [喀什市对草根宣讲员进行党的十九大精神专题培训], Kashgar Daily on WeChat [喀什日报微信公众号“喀什零距离”], 16 November 2017.
‘Neighbourhood watch and social interactions help to create harmonious and safe households: Aksu, Xinjiang uses the ‘joint households’ mechanism to regenerate social governance’, Legal Daily, 22 November 2018.
Ibid.
Tian Hui, ‘Innovation and practice of urban community management style in Ürümqi’.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 7 January 2019. / ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 30 December 2018.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Qidaowan Police Station, Shanrun Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局七道湾派出所山润社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 11 February 2019.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Qidaowan Police Station, Longsheng Street Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局七道湾派出所龙盛街社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 1 April 2019.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station, Xinmin West Street Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所新民西街社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 10 February 2018.
‘”Four Togethers” and “Three Gifts” handbook’ [‘四同’‘三送’活动手册], Art of Life in Central Asia, October 2018.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station, Xinmin West Street Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所新民西街社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 10 February 2018.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 4 January 2019.
微信朋友圈, a social media feed similar to Facebook. / ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 11 February 2019.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Weihuliang Police Station, Xiejing South Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局苇湖梁派出所斜井南社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 16 December 2018; ‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Public Security Bureau, Shirenzigou Police Station, Yushugou Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局苇湖梁派出所斜井南社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 9 November 2018.
‘China: Big data program targets Xinjiang’s Muslims: leaked list of over 2,000 detainees demonstrates automated repression’, Human Rights Watch, 9 December 2020.
‘IJOP daily crucial information bulletin’ [‘一体化联合作战平台’每日要情通报], ICIJ, 29 June 2017.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Weihuliang Police Station, Xiejing South Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局苇湖梁派出所斜井南社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 16 December 2018.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shirenzigou Police Station, Xiejing South Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局苇湖梁派出所斜井南社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 9 November 2018.
‘Central Party Committee issues “Regulations on the CCP’s political-legal work”’ [中共中央印发《中国共产党政法 工作条例》], Xinhua News [新华社] via Central People’s Government [中央人民政府], 18 January 2019, online; Sheena Chestnut Greitens, ‘Domestic security in China under Xi Jinping’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 March 2019.
Such as the spy agency, the Ministry of State Security [国家安全部]. Chang Anjian [长安剑], ‘What does the PLAC do and manage? We now have the most authoritative answer’ [政法委是什么干什么管什么?现在有了最权威的答案], Central PLAC on Wechat via Sina News [新浪新闻], 18 January 2019, online.
Chris Buckley, ‘“Drive the blade in”: Xi shakes up China’s law-and-order forces’, The New York Times, 20 August 2020, online; ‘What does Xi Jinping really mean when he raises again the term “knife handle’’?‘ [习近平重提‘刀把子’论有什么深意?], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 21 January 2015.
Minxin Pei, ‘The CCP’s domestic security taskmaster: The Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 September 2021.
‘IJOP daily crucial information bulletin’ ‘[一体化联合作战平台’每日要情通报], ICIJ, 29 June 2017, online.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxiang Street Police Station, Xiangtai Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所祥泰社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 1 November 2018, online; ‘Solution for the PLAC’s Counterterrorism and Stability Maintenance Command’ [政法委反恐维稳指挥部解决方案], Visionstar Tech [威视讯达]; ‘2018 departmental budget report of Chira County’ [2018年策勒县部门预算报表], p. 24; ‘Bid announcement on the installation of IJOP for the PLAC’ [政治委一体化平台建设标公告], Bidcenter [采招网], 26 November 2018.
‘Chen Quanguo holds Xinjiang stability maintenance work leading small group all-member meeting’ [陈全国主持召开自治区维护稳定工作领导小组全体会议], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 27 September 2016
2018年巴州事业单位招聘职位表(党群单位)
‘Bid announcement for the Konasheher County Counterterrorism Stability Maintenance Command Construction Project’ [疏附县反恐位维稳指挥部建设项目施工招标公告], China E-Tender and Procurement [中国电力招标采购网], 8 February 2018.
A remote Uyghur majority county in Asku Prefecture.
The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra.
‘Release of the Kelpin County PLAC’s 2018 final departmental accounts’ [2018 年度中共柯坪县委政法委员会部门决算公开说明].
Ibid.
‘List of 2018 public institutions’ jobs in Bayingolin Prefecture (party and masses units)’ [2018年巴州事业单位招聘职位表(党群单位)]; ‘Public statement on the 2019 departmental budget’ [新疆维吾尔自治区乌市水磨沟区委政法委员会2019 年部门预算公开], Ürümqi Shuimogou District PLAC [乌市水磨沟区委政法委员会].
‘IJOP daily crucial information bulletin’ [‘一体化联合作战平台’每日要情通报], ICIJ, 25 June 2017.
According to a 2019 Chinese white paper: those who participate in ‘extremist’ activities ‘not serious enough to constitute a crime,’ those whose activities ‘posed a real danger but did not cause actual harm,’ and those who served time for terrorism and still pose ‘a potential threat to society.’ See ‘Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang’, State Council Website, 17 August 2019.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Tianshan District Branch, Xiheba Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局天山区分局西河坝派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 12 November 2018.
‘China’s algorithms of repression: Reverse engineering a Xinjiang police mass surveillance app’, Human Rights Watch, 1 May 2019.
Ibid.
Zhou Xueguang, The institutional logic of governance in China, p. 146.
As the ‘Central Political and Legal Affairs Small Group’ [中央政法小组].
Zhou Yongkun, ‘The history and evolution of the PLAC’’ [周永坤: 政法委的历史与演变], Yanghuang Chunqiu [炎黄春秋] via Aisixiang [爱思想], 10 September 2012.
Qin Qianhong [秦前红], ‘The real problem that Qiao Shi was reflecting upon’ [乔石思考的真问题], Sina News [新浪新闻], 15 June 2015.
‘Zhou Yongkun: The history and evolution of the Political Legal Committee’, Aisixiang, 10 September 2012.
Jonathan Kaiman, ‘Zhou Yongkang: oil boss who became China’s third most powerful man’, The Guardian, 30 July 2014, online; Tania Branigan, ‘Chinese former security tsar Zhou Yongkang charged in corruption case’, The Guardian, 3 April 2015.
Minxin Pei, ‘The CCP’s domestic security taskmaster: the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission’; ‘The CCP will weaken the authority of the PLAC’ [中共将削弱政法委书记权限], Deutsche Welle Chinese, 30 August 2012; Janet Liu, Larry Ong, ‘The rise and fall of China’s domestic security and legal affairs apparatus’, Sino Insider, 4 July 2018
Buckley, ‘“Drive the blade in”: Xi shakes up China’s law-and-order forces’.
‘Release of the Xinjiang PLAC’s 2017 final departmental accounts’ [2017年度自治区党委政法委部门决算公开说明], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府], 31 August 2017.
Sasha Chavkin, ‘Xinjiang’s architect of mass detention: Zhu Hailun’, ICIJ, 24 November 2019.
‘Resume of Comrade Zhu Hailun’ [朱海仑同志简历], People’s Daily Online [人民网], November 2011.
王鼎, ‘Great transformation led to great development’ [大变革促大发展], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 23 November 2014.
杨晓钗, ‘Zhu Hailun: the pioneer who leads the capital of the western region’ [朱海仑: 西域首府引路人], China Youth News [中华儿女新闻网], 19 September 2012.
Zhou Ju [周桔], Li Jing [李静], ‘Problems and countermeasures in Ürümqi neighbourhood grid-style management’ [乌鲁木齐城市社区网格化管理存在的问题与对策], Journal of the Ürümqi Municipal Party School [中共乌鲁木齐市委党校学报], March 2012; Zhu Hailun [朱海仑], ‘Improve the environment and push for leaps and bounds in urban science’ [优化环境 推动城市科学跨越], CCP Members Net [共产党员网], 11 September 2012; Yang Xiaochai, ‘Zhu Hailun: the pioneer who leads the capital of the western region’, China Youth Net, 19 September 2019.
‘Official telegram: Opinions regarding further reinforcement and standardisation of the work of vocational education and training centres’ [自治区机关发电: 关于进一步加强和规范职业技能教育培训中心工作的意见], Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, online; Chavkin, ‘Xinjiang’s architect of mass detention: Zhu Hailun’.
Gene A Bunin, ‘The elephant in the XUAR: II. Brand new prisons, expanding old prisons, and hundreds of thousands of new inmates’, Art of Life in Chinese Central Asia, 4 January 2021.
Lang Peijuan, ‘Characteristics and disadvantages of “fire-fighting” style governance’, People’s Daily Magazine, 15 July 2016.
The author first published this piece on his own WeChat account in 2014. ‘The sentiments of a front-line public security bureau chief in southern Xinjiang’ [一个南疆一线公安局长的感悟], ‘Military Pomegranate Seeds’ on WeChat [微信公众号”武装的石榴籽”], 2 June 2014.
Southern Xinjiang frontline public security bureau chief: To solve frequent violent terrorism (we) should rely on “offense”’ [南疆一线公安局长:解决暴恐多发要靠’进攻’], Sina News [新浪网], 4 August 2014.
Ma Feng, ‘The sentiments of a front-line public security chief in southern Xinjiang’ [马飞: 一个南疆一线公安局长的感悟!], Kunlunce Research Institute on WeChat [昆仑策研究院微信公众号], 16 July 2017.
‘Xinjiang High People’s Court’, State Council Information Office, 23 December 2014, online; ‘Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang High People’s Court’, Legal Daily, 23 December 2014.
Li Xin’an [李新安], ‘Xinjiang’s Ili Prefecture conducts mass public sentencing, public arrest and public detention and publicly sentencing 55 defendants’ [新疆伊犁州举行公判、公捕、公拘大会 对55名被告人公开宣判], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 27 May 2014.
Ibid.
Wang Shulin [王书林], ‘Always place top priority on strike hard during trials’ [始终把严打置于审判工作的重中之重], People’s Court Daily [人民法院报], 8 June 2015.
‘Never repost or disseminate violent terrorist audio or videos! Otherwise, the consequences will be very serious!’ [切勿转发传播暴力恐怖音视频! 否则后果很严重!], Altay City Public Security [阿勒泰市公安], 13 March 2016.
‘Xinjiang High People’s Court demands’, State Council Information Office, 23 December 2014, online; Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang High People’s Court’, Legal Daily, 23 December 2014.
Lang Peijuan, ‘Characteristics and disadvantages of “fire-fighting” style governance’, China University of Political Science and Law, 15 July 2016.
Ibid.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Xinxing Street Police Station, Xinmin West Street Neighbourhood Police Substation’ (乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局新兴街派出所新民西街社区警务室), Ürümqi Police Records, 28 February 2018.
Tanner, Strike hard! Anti-crime campaigns and Chinese criminal justice, 1979–1985, p. 98. 186Ramzy & Buckley, ‘“Absolutely no mercy”: Leaked files expose how China organized mass detentions of Muslims’
The New York Times, 16 November 2019 .
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, 2017.
Liu Caiyu, Liu Xuanzun, ‘Xinjiang revises its anti-extremism regulation’, Global Times, 10 October 2018, online; ‘New revision to “Xinjiang De-Extremification Regulation” published’ [新修订版《新疆维吾尔自治区去极端化条例》发布], Standing Committee of Xinjiang People’s Congress [新疆自治区人大常委会] via National Security and Anti-Terrorism Information Net [国家安全-反恐怖主义信息网], 9 October 2018.
Gene A Bunin, ‘The elephant in the XUAR: III. “In accordance with the law”’, Art of Life in Central Asia, 19 April 2021.
Ibid.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, convenience police station SY-150’ (便民警务室SY-150), Ürümqi Police Records, 14 September 2017.
‘China: Big data program targets Xinjiang’s Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 9 December 2020.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 15 January 2019, online; ‘Profile of Ekrem Imin’, Xinjiang Victims Database
Ibid.
Dake Kang, ‘Room for 10,000: Inside China’s largest detention center’, The Associated Press, 22 July 2021, online.
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Public Branch, Shuimogou Police Station, Wenxi Neighbourhood Police Substation’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所温西社区警务室], Ürümqi Police Records, 29 November 2018
‘Ürümqi Public Security Bureau, Shuimogou District Branch, Shuimogou Police Station’ [乌鲁木齐市公安局水磨沟区分局水磨沟派出所], Ürümqi Police Records, 18 March 2019.
Which were in theory acknowledged and embraced by Xi’s recent predecessors to some extent. Qian Gang [钱钢], ‘Who will terminate “judicial independence”?’ [谁要给“司法独立”判死刑?], FT Chinese, 19 January 2015
Carl Minzner, ‘Legal reform in the Xi Jinping era’, Asia Policy, July 2015, 20:4–6.
Jacques deLisle, ‘The rule of law with Xi-era characteristics: law for economic reform, anticorruption, and illiberal politics, Asia Policy, July 2015, 20:23–29.
‘At the Xinjiang Party Committee conference on ruling Xinjiang in accordance with law, Chen Quanguo emphasises the need to deeply implement Xi Jinping Thought and comprehensively push the “Govern Xinjiang in accordance with law” policy to new heights’ [陈全国在自治区党委全面依法治疆委员会会议上强调:深入贯彻落实习近平法治思想,推动全面依法治疆迈上新台阶], Tianshan News [天山网], 24 May 2021
‘Hu Jintao chairs the the first collective study of the 17th Central Politburo’ [胡锦涛主持十七届中央政治局第一次集体学习], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 27 August 2013.
Xiao Hui [肖辉], Zhang Qiao [张乔], ‘Governing the nation in accordance with law doctrine enshrined in the constitution in 1999’ [1999年依法治国写入宪法], Phoenix News [凤凰新闻], 16 September 2009.
Li Lin [李林], ‘The origin of Xi Jinping’s rule by law theory’, [习近平法治思想的理论渊源], Guangming Daily [光明日报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 22 January 2021.
‘Xi Jinping’s latest quotes on rule by law help to analyse the reasons why high-profile cadres commit crimes’ [习近平谈法治最新金句,剖析高级干部走上犯罪道路原因], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 15 February 2019
Zhu Shuyan [朱书缘], ‘Xi Jinping’s “county party secretary complex” and how that relates to the concept of “frontline commander”’ [习近平的‘县委书记’情结:为何关注‘一线总指挥’?], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 7 June 2015, online; ‘Xi Jinping’s “county party secretary” complex: how the concept of “sesame official” relates to the rise and fall of nations’ [习近平的‘县委书记’情结:‘芝麻官’关系国家兴衰安危], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 13 January 2015, online.
Zhu Shuyan, ‘Xi Jinping’s “county party secretary complex” and how that relates to the concept of “frontline commander”.
‘The CCP’s “all-member training” of county party secretaries tie the “knot” of stable governance’ [中共‘全员轮训’县委书记打牢执政‘纽结’], Xinhua Net [新华网], 15 January 2015, online; Zhu Shuyan, ‘Xi Jinping’s “county party secretary complex”’, People’s Daily Online [人民网], 7 June 2015, online; Gu Baiwen [顾百文], ‘Brief discussion on joining the Central Party School county party secretary training program’ [浅谈参加中央党校县委书记研修班学习收获], Suihua Daily [绥化日报], 21 January 2015, online.
‘200 county party secretaries went to Beijing to ‘go to school’: They watch historical documentaries about the collapse of the Soviet Union in the evening’ [200县委书记进京“上学记”:晚上看苏东剧变等历史剧], Beijing News [新京报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 16 January 2015, online.
‘“Follow the examples of Jiao Yulu as county party secretary”, written by Xi Jinping, is published’’ [习近平《做焦裕禄式的县委书记》出版发行], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 27 August 2015, online.
Xi Jinping [习近平], ‘Speech delivered upon meeting the nation’s outstanding county party secretaries’ [在会见全国优秀县委书记时的讲话], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 31 August 2015, online.
‘Chen Quanguo emphasises stability maintenance in Xinjiang during teleconference’ [陈全国在自治区维护稳定工作电视电话上强调], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 9 January 2017, online.
The full name is ‘Vocational Education and Training Service Management Bureau’.
219 ‘Hotan Prefecture creates innovative mechanism to facilitate labour transfers’ [和田地区创新机制助推劳动力转移就业], Xinjiang Economic News [新疆经济报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 23 May 2017, online; Yang Tingting [杨婷婷], Shi Kaiwei [石凯伟], ‘Around 1200 surplus labourers from urban and rural Lop County have traveled to other parts of China for work’ [洛浦县1200余名城乡富余劳动力赴内地务工], China Xinjiang [中国新疆], 11 May 2017, online.
‘Notice on Cherchen County’s 2018 targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于印发《且末县2018年度违法生育专项治理工作实施方案》的通知], Cherchen County People’s Government [且末县人民政府], 30 May 2018, online.
Officials whose profiles are publicly available and can be corroborated by credible sources. The lists of official names are withheld from publication due to privacy concerns, but may be available upon request.
‘Constitution of China’ [中华人民共和国宪法], Central People’s Government [中国中央人民政府], online.
Because the profiles are written from publicly available sources instead of interviews, they reflect only these individuals’ public personas.
228 ‘Xi Jinping met with the nation’s outstanding county party secretaries’ [习近平会见全国优秀县委书记], Xinhua Net [新华网], 29 June 2021, online.
‘36 year-old Yao Ning was awarded the title of ‘The nation’s most outstanding county party secretary’, receiving congratulations from two faculties at Tsinghua University, his alma mater’ [36岁药宁获‘全国优秀县委书记’称号后,母校清华两院系祝贺], New Beijing News [新京报], 2 July 2021, online.
‘Alumnus of the engineering department, Yao Ning, recognised as “The nation’s outstanding county party secretary”’ [工业工程系校友药宁被授予‘全国优秀县委书记’称号], Tsinghua University Department of Industrial Engineering [清华大学工业工程系], 1 July 2021, online; ‘Ning Yao: Asia Fellow, AY 2010-2011’, Harvard Kennedy School Ash Centre for Democratic Governance and Innovation, online.
‘36 year-old Yao Ning was awarded the title of ‘The nation’s outstanding county party secretary’, receiving congratulations from two Schools at Tsinghua University, his Alma Mater’ [36岁药宁获‘全国优秀县委书记’称号后,母校清华两院系祝贺], New Beijing News [新京报], 2 July 2021, online.
Ilham Tohti [伊力哈木·土赫提], ‘Demographics of Maralbeshi County, Xinjiang’ [维吾尔自治区巴楚县民族人口结构], Uyghur Online [维吾尔在线], 25 April 2013, online; ‘Ferocious birth-control policies in Xinjiang are racially targeted’, The Economist, 26 June 2021, online.
The 2018 Xinjiang Maralbeshi County recruitment of 320 staff for vocational education and training centres’ [2018年新疆巴楚县招聘职业技能教育培训中心工作人员320名简章], Xinjiang Public Sector Net [新疆公务员网], 15 March 2018, online.
See section 7.2: ‘Re-education camps’, which references Xinjiang government order that county party secretaries personally lead a taskforce that in turn oversees the operations for the detention facilities.
See section 7.4: ‘Coercive labour assignments’, which discusses how local party and government leaders typically head the area’s labour transfer taskforce, and the coercive nature of Xinjiang’s labour transfer programs.
‘Yao Ning, the nation’s outstanding county party secretary: Take root in the frontier, keep the original inspiration, shoulder the mission and fulfil the promise’ [全国优秀县委书记药宁:扎根边疆守初心,勇担使命践诺言], Xinhua All Media [新华全媒+], online.
Ibid.
228 ‘Young cadres look here! Xi Jinping is paying attention to you!’ [年轻干部看过来! 习近平在关注你们], Xinhua Net [新华网], 3 July 2018, online.
‘Alumnus of the engineering department, Yao Ning’, Tsinghua University Department of Industrial Engineering, 1 July 2021, online.
Zhang Rui [张睿], ‘Yao Ning: Go where the motherland needs me most’ [药宁: 到祖国最需要的地方去], Tsinghua University News [清华大学新闻], 25 April 2018, online.
‘Alumnus of the engineering department, Yao Ning’, Tsinghua University Department of Industrial Engineering, 1 July 2021, online.
‘Ning Yao: Asia Fellow, AY 2010–2011’, Harvard Kennedy School Ash Centre for Democratic Governance and Innovation, online.
Zhang Rui, ‘Yao Ning: Go where the motherland needs him most’.
‘Yao Ning’s Weibo posts’ [药宁的微博], Weibo [微博], 25 February to 17 June 2021, online.
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
Alice Su, ‘Threats of arrest, job loss and surveillance. China targets its “model minority”’, The Los Angeles Times, 23 September 2020, online; Chris Atwood, ‘Bilingual education in Inner Mongolia: an explainer’, Made in China, 30 August 2020, online.
‘To go to the border town’ [去一趟边城], Tsinghua University Department of Industrial Engineering [清华大学工业工程系], 27 April 2017, online.
Zhou Xueguang, The institutional logic of governance in China, 2017, p. 131, online.
Zhang Rui, ‘Yao Ning: Go where the country needs him most’.
‘Yao Ning’s Weibo posts’ [药宁的微博], Weibo [微博], 25 February to 17 June 2021, online.
‘Xi focus-quotable quotes: Xi Jinping on original aspiration of Chinese Communists’, Xinhua Net English, 29 June 2020, online.
As of September 2021, out of 11 vice-governors in Xinjiang, six are Han, three are Uyghur and two are from other ethnic groups. See ‘Regional leadership database – Xinjiang’ [地方领导资料库:新疆], People’s Daily Online [人民网], online. / ‘Regional leadership database: Xinjiang’ [地方领导资料库:新疆], People’s Daily Online [人民网], online.
‘Resume of Erken Tuniyaz, vice-chairman and standing committee member of the Xinjiang Party Committee’ [艾尔 肯·吐尼亚孜-简历, 新疆维吾尔自治区党委常委、副主席], People’s Daily Online [人民网], online; Kate Hoagland, ‘Ash Center: Two senior Chinese officials perform key research at the Ash Center’, Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, 3 February 2012, online.
‘Erken Tuniyaz is acting chairman of Xinjiang’ [艾尔肯·吐尼亚孜任新疆维吾尔自治区代主席], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 2 October 2021, online.
‘“Post-70s” Yang Fasen assumes his new post and becomes the youngest provincial and ministerial level official in Xinjiang. He was once awarded the title of “outstanding county party secretary’ [70后”杨发森履新, 成新疆最年轻省部级,曾获‘全国优秀县委书记’荣誉], Sina Finance News [新浪财经新闻], 31 March 2021, online.
‘Establish joint management of large scale propaganda work’ [建立齐抓共管的大宣传工作格局], Xinjiang Daily
[新疆日报], 29 September 2014, online.
‘Establish joint management of large scale propaganda work’ [建立齐抓共管的大宣传工作格局], Xinjiang Daily
[新疆日报], 29 September 2014, online.
Ibid.
Ibid.
‘In-depth reporting on Xinjiang’s “Bay County Experience”, part two’ [新疆‘拜城经验’深度报道之二], Tianshan News [天山网] via Phoenix News [凤凰新闻], 30 September 2014, 2, online; Zhang Chaowen [张超文], Liu Yanghui [刘旸辉], Wu Hui [吴卉], ‘Improve and innovate cultures to achieve the goal of ‘reaching people productively and effectively’:In-depth reporting on “Bay County Experience”, part three’ [改进创新文化引领实现‘到人管用有效’拜城经验深度报道之三], Sina News [新浪新闻], 1 October 2014, online.
‘In-depth reporting on Xinjiang’s “Bay County Experience”, part two’ [新疆‘拜城经验’深度报道之二], Tianshan News, 30 September 2014, p. 3, online.
262 Wang Tao [王涛], ‘Xinjiang transportation industry promotes “Bay County Experience” in order to further efforts in “de-extremification”’ [新疆交通运输行业推广‘拜城经验’ 深入推进‘去极端化’], Tianshan News [天山网] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 11 April 2015, online.
‘Establish joint management of large scale propaganda work’ [建立齐抓共管的大宣传工作格局], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 29 September 2014, online; ‘Report on the “Bay County Experience”, part one: Where there is innovation, there is vitality’ [‘拜城经验’启示系列报道:哪里有创新哪里就有活力], Tianshan News [天山网], 29 September 2014, online.
A Uyghur majority county in southern Xinjiang where ASPI researchers have identified three detention facilities built or expanded after 2017. See Nathan Ruser, Xinjiang detention facilities dataset, ASPI, 24 September 2020, online.
‘Leaders of Aksu’s Onsu County went on inspection tour in Bay County’ [阿克苏温宿县领导赴拜城县观摩], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府], 7 November 2014, online.
‘[[Xinjiang News Broadcast] Learn from the Bay County Experience and further implement ‘de-extremification’ education’ [[新疆新闻联播]学习拜城经验,深入推进‘去极端化’教育], CCTV [央视网], 4 October 2014, online.
‘Large scale de-extremification propaganda education programs created in Konasheher County, Xinjiang’ [新疆疏附 县构建‘去极端化’宣传教育大格局], chinanews.com [中国新闻网], 9 November 2014, online; ‘Chaqiliq County took the initiative to establish a large-scale news and propaganda centre in Bayingolin Prefecture’ [巴州若羌在巴州率先成立大新闻宣传中心], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府], 16 December 2014, online.
‘“Post-70s” Yang Fasen assumes his new post and becomes the youngest provincial and ministerial level official in Xinjiang. He was once awarded the title of “outstanding county party secretary”’, online; ‘Xinjiang Kucha County party secretary: Kucha is the forefront of Xinjiang’s anti-terrorism and stability maintenance’ [新疆库车县委书记:库车是新疆反恐维稳的前沿], State Council Information Office [国务院新闻办公室], 1 July 2015, online.
‘Pioneers of reforms – profile of an outstanding county secretary, Yang Fasen, party secretary of Kucha County’, Xinjiang Daily, 7 July 2015, online.
‘Revealed: Who are the five representatives who made speeches after shaking hands with Xi Jinping?’ [揭秘:跟习近平握手以后发言的五个代表都是谁], Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 1 July 2015, online.
Ibid.
‘Kucha County party secretary: Kucha is at the forefront of Xinjiang’s anti-terrorism and stability maintenance’ [新疆库车县委书记:库车是新疆反恐维稳的前沿], State Council Information Office [国务院新闻办公室], 1 July 2015, online.
‘Big data program targets Xinjiang’s Muslims: leaked list of over 2,000 detainees demonstrates automated repression’, Human Rights Watch, 9 December 2020, online.
‘Resume of Yang Fasen’ [杨发森:简历], People’s Daily Online [人民网], online.
The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra, online.
‘Resume of Yang Fasen’, People’s Daily Online, online.
‘“Post-70s” Yang Fasen assumes his new post and becomes the youngest provincial and ministerial level official in Xinjiang. He was once awarded the title of “outstanding county party secretary”’, online.
‘Protect our homes | Dorbiljin County’s deputy party secretary and county magistrate Mahesu Khan Gamshafu: Labour will bring joy today and unity will bring victory tomorrow’ [守护家园|额敏县委副书记、县长 马合苏提汗•加木沙甫: 劳动会给今天带来欢乐,团结会给明天带来胜利], Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 11 August 2017, online.
‘Konasheher County deputy party secretary of county party committee and county magistrate Rahman Omar: Always remember the kindness of the party and resolutely eradicate the “three evil forces’’’ [疏附县委副书记、县长热合曼·吾买尔:永远牢记党的恩情坚决铲除‘三股势力’], Tianshan News [天山网], 17 August 2017, online.
282 ‘Speak up and brandish the sword: determined to struggle against the “three evil forces”’ [发声亮剑 | 坚决同‘三股势力’ 作斗争], Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 20 May 2019, online.
Ibid.
‘[Speak up and brandish the sword in Hotan]: Ereti Yunus, Keriye County’s deputy party secretary and county magistrate: Be brave and strive to be the vanguard of counterterrorism and stability maintenance’ [【亮剑和田】于田县委副书记、县长 艾热提·尤努斯:正己身勇担当,争做反恐维稳先锋], Niye Zero Distance [民丰零距离] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 2 October 2018, online; ‘Speak up and brandish the swords!”: We must resolutely crack down on the “three evil forces” and completely eradicate “two-faced people”’ [发声亮剑:坚决打击‘三股势力’彻底铲除‘两面人’], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 30 August 2018, online.
282 ‘Iskender Keyum: Absolute loyalty to the party, fight against the enemies until the end, and pledge to safeguard the stability, harmony and unity of Xinjiang’ [斯坎旦·克尤木:对党绝对忠诚,对敌斗争到底,誓死捍卫新疆团结稳定和谐好局面], Qumul Radio [哈密电台] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 19 November 2018, online; Yasin Sidik, ‘Uyghurs are not Turkic descendants’ [牙生·司地克:维吾尔族不是突厥人后裔], Ürümqi Evening News (乌鲁木齐晚报) via Aisixiang [爱思想], 30 August 2018, online.
Darren Byler, ‘The “patriotism” of not speaking Uyghur’, SupChina, 2 January 2019, online.
‘Flag waving in the wind: a profile on Obulqasim Mettursun, Deputy Party Secretary and County Magistrate of Awat County’ [迎风飘扬的旗—记新疆阿瓦提县委副书记、县长吾布力喀斯木·买吐送], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 16 July 2018, online.
‘Obulqasim Mettursun: Emphasise “unity” with every word and every sentence’ [吾布力喀斯木·买吐送:一字一句写团结], People’s Daily [人民日报], 16 July 2017, online.
‘Video: Obulqasim, 19th National People’s Congress delegate: We must unite and energise in order to seek development’ [微视频|十九大代表吾布力喀斯木:团结鼓劲谋发展], Xigua Video [西瓜视频], 3 October 2017, online.
‘“Wake up call to fellow Uyghurs”: Hope to evoke the awakening of my fellow Uyghurs’ [《觉醒书》:希望能唤起维吾尔族同胞的觉醒], Sina News [新浪新闻], 31 March 2017, online.
Ibid.
‘Flag waving in the wind: a profile on Obulqasim Mettursun, Deputy Party Secretary and County Magistrate of Awat County’, Xinjiang Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Obulqasim Mettursun: Emphasise “unity” with every word and every sentence’, People’s Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Learn from Obulqasim Mettursun’s example and experience’ [学习吾布力喀斯木•买吐送先进事迹心得体会], Xinjiang High People’s Court [新疆高级人民法院], 6 April 2017, online.
‘Evoke inner awakening, eradicate extremist thoughts – New Inmates Prison invites Obulqasim Mettursun to conduct remote propaganda lectures’ [唤起内心觉醒,去除极端思想—新收犯监狱邀请吾布力喀斯木•买吐送开展远程视频宣教活动], Xinjiang Prison [新疆监狱], 7 April 2017, online.
‘Chen Quanguo meets with Obulqasim Mettursun’ [陈全国会见吾布力喀斯木•买吐送], Hejing County “Becoming Family” Program Leading Small Group on Hejing Zero Distance [民亲办微信公众号”和静零距离”], 19 May 2017, online.
Ibid.
‘Notes from the advancement ceremony on “Learn from Comrade Obulkasim Mettursun to speak up and brandish the sword”’ [向吾布力喀斯木•买吐送同志学习发声亮剑推进会侧记及综述], Kashgar Daily on WeChat [喀什日报微信公众号“喀什零距离”], 4 August 2017, online.
282 ‘Learn from Comrade Obulqasim Mettursun, promote “Speak Up and Brandish the Sword” activities’, Kashgar Daily,
4 August 2017, online; ‘Xinjiang holds advancement meeting on “Learn from Comrade Mattersun to speak up and brandish the sword”’ [自治区召开向吾布力喀斯木·买吐送同志学习发声亮剑推进会], CCP Xinjiang Commission for Discipline Inspection [中共新疆维吾尔自治区纪律检查委员会], 16 August 2017, online.
‘Obulqasim Mettursun: Emphasise “unity” with every word and every sentence’, People’s Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Flag waving in the wind: a profile on Obulqasim Mettursun, Deputy Party Secretary and County Magistrate of Awat County’, Xinjiang Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Delegate Obulkasim Mettursun: From “becoming rich” to “becoming strong”’ [吾布力喀斯木·买吐送代表:从‘富起来’到‘强起来’], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 22 October 2017, online.
‘Flag waving in the wind: a profile on Obulqasim Mettursun, Deputy Party Secretary and County Magistrate of Awat County’, Xinjiang Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Central Propaganda Department holds foreign press conference on “The Chinese nation-race is one close family, building the China dream together sharing the same heart”’ [中共中央宣传部就‘中华民族一家亲,同心共筑中国梦’举行中外记者见面会], chinanews.com [中国网], 27 July 2021, online.
Zhang Chunxian, ‘Strive to write the new chapter of long-term stable rule and social stability in Xinjiang’ [张春贤:奋力谱写新疆社会稳定和长治久安新篇章], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 13 January 2014, online.
Release of the 2018 Xinjiang Kashgar Forestry Bureau’s budget’ [新疆维吾尔自治区喀什市林业局 2018年部门预算公开], online.
‘Xi Jinping: Must firmly establish the correct national and ethnic identity among the masses of all ethnicities’ (习近平: 要在各族群众中牢固树立正确的祖国观、民族观), Xinhua Net (新华网), 29 May 2014, online.
307 ‘Zhang Chunxian discussing counter-terrorism: Cadres of all ethnicities must dare to “speak up and brandish the sword” at the first moment’ [张春贤谈反恐:各族干部要第一时间敢于发声亮剑], Tianshan News [天山网] via chinanews.com [中国新闻网], 9 February 2014, online; ‘Social scientists in Xinjiang support the call to “speak up and brandish the sword” in our struggle against religious extremism’ [新疆社科界人士:主动发声‘亮剑,’ 反对宗教极端主义], Tianshan News [天山网] via Sina News [新浪新闻], 25 September 2013, online.
Tao Shuanke [陶拴科], ‘Ten thousand masses pledge to “brandish the sword” against terror in Cherchen County, Xinjiang [Gallery]’ [新疆且末县万名群众宣誓,向恐怖犯罪“亮剑”[组图]], Photo China [图片中国], 6 June 2014, online.
The Chinese party-state called the incident a terrorist attack, while Uyghur groups said it was resistance following the killing of a Uyghur family over a headscarf check. Andrew Jacobs, ‘After deadly clash, China and Uighurs disagree on events that led to violence’, The New York Times, 30 July 2014, online.
‘Cadres and masses of all ethnicities in Yarkant, Xinjiang “speak up and brandish the sword”, declare war on violent terrorists’ [新疆莎车各族干部群众发声亮剑向暴恐分子宣战], Ürümqi Evening News [乌鲁木齐晚报] via chinanews. com [中国新闻网], 8 August 2014, online.
‘Cadres and masses of all ethnicities in Ürümqi “speak up and brandish the sword”: Joint defence to crack down on violence and terrorism’ [乌鲁木齐各族干部群众发声亮剑:联防联保打击暴恐], Tianshan News [天山网] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 7 August 2014, online.
Mihrigul Wu [米日古力·吾], ‘Religious figures in Xinjiang “speak up and brandish the sword”’ [新疆宗教界人士发声亮剑], Xinjiang News [新疆网], 18 April 2017, online.
‘Commentary: “Speak up and brandish the sword” demonstrates the sense of responsibility of ethnic minority enterprises’ [评论:发声亮剑彰显民族企业的责任与担当], Private Corporates’ Social Responsibility Net [民营企业社会责任网], 8 July 2014, online.
Zhu Kaili [朱凯莉], Pang Xuefang [庞雪芳], ‘Cultural workers of Xinjiang “speak up and brandish the sword”: Don’t let dark clouds obscure the bright moon’ [新疆文化工作者发声亮剑:不让乌云遮明月], Tianshan News [天山网] via Sina News [新浪新闻], 14 August 2014, online.
Mihrigul Wu, Fang Feiyang [方菲洋], ‘Representatives of the disabled people in Xinjiang “speak up and brandish the sword”, expressing determination to resolutely resist religious extremist thoughts’ [新疆残疾人代表发声亮剑,坚决抵制宗教极端思想], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 29 August 2014, online.
‘At the regional grassroots propaganda work and winter propaganda lecture mobilization meeting, Zhang Chunxian orders to be a politically determined leader, a fighter who dares to speak up and can speak up, and a caring person to all ethnicities’ [张春贤在自治区基层宣传工作暨冬季大宣讲动员会议上要求做政治坚定的引领者敢讲会讲的战斗员各族群众的贴心人], Huaxia News [华夏经纬网], 5 January 2016, online; ‘“We love listening to propaganda lectures like this!”: Tens of thousands of people attend large-scale public propaganda lectures’ [【冬季万人大宣讲】这样的宣讲,我们很爱听!], Aksu City Media Communication Centre on WeChat [阿克苏市融媒体中心腾讯微信公众账号阿克苏市零距离], 10 January 2019, online.
‘A hundred women participate in “speak up and brandish the sword”, vowing to be pretty women’ [百名妇女发声亮剑 做靓丽女性], Global Times [环球网], 11 April 2017, online; ‘More than one hundred women of all ethnic groups in Tokkuztara speak up and brandish the sword’ [巩留百余名各族妇女发声亮剑], Xinjiang Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture People’s Government [新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州人民政府], 28 April 2017, online.
Pan Congwu, ‘Xinjiang “de-extremification” propaganda lecture group’, China Peace, 19 May 2016, online.
‘Xinjiang: Implement stricter requirements and strengthen daily management and supervision of cadres’, Central Organisation Department, 26 August 2014, online.
Ibid.
‘Propaganda lecture activities in Xinjiang are in full swing’ [新疆宣讲活动火热展开], State Council Information Office [国务院新闻办公室], 31 December 2014, online.
‘Ten thousand people attended public propaganda lectures in Aksu, Xinjiang: Speeches facilitate confidence, unity and harmony’ [新疆阿克苏万人大宣讲:讲出信心讲出团结讲出和谐], Guangming Daily [光明日报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 8 April 2019, online; ‘”De-extremification” and rule by law propaganda lectures covered the urban and rural areas of Kashgar’ [“去极端化”法制宣讲覆盖喀什城乡], Kashgar Zero Distance [喀什零距离], 24 February 2014, online. / ‘Xinjiang launches “de-extremification” propaganda lecture educational activities’ [自治区“去极端化”系列宣讲教育活动启动], Xinjiang Economics News [新疆经济报] via Xinjiang United Front Work Department [新疆统一战线工作
部], 21 March 2017, online; Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang’s “de-extremification” propaganda lecture group: Sowing the seeds of harmony and stability among the hearts of the masses’ [新疆‘去极端化’宣讲团:把和谐稳定种子播撒群众心中], China Peace [长安网], 19 May 2016, online.
Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang’s “de-extremification” propaganda lecture group: sowing the seeds of harmony and stability among the hearts of the masses’, China Peace, 19 May 2016, online.
‘Kizilsu launches “de-extremification” winter public propaganda lecture activities’ [克州开展“去极端化” 冬季大宣讲活动], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆人民政府], 19 November 2014, online; Wang Se, ‘Ten thousand people attended public propaganda lectures in Aksu’, Guangming Daily, 8 April 2019, online.
322 Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang’s “de-extremification” propaganda lecture group: Sowing the seeds of harmony and stability among the hearts of the masses’, China Peace, 19 May 2016, online; ‘Launch of “de-extremification” propaganda lecture’, Xinjiang United Front Work Department, 21 March 2017, online; ‘Xinjiang appoints new officials Xie Huiqing, Li Wei, Abduwahid Seydiwaqqas, He Yuhong’ [新疆任命谢惠青、李伟、阿布都瓦依提·赛迪瓦卡斯、何玉红职务], China Economics News Online [中国经济网], 26 July 2016, online; Zhang Sifu [张世福], ‘Using emotional appeals to reach the hearts and minds of the masses, use reasoning to sooth the emotions of the masses’ [用情感敲开心灵大门,用说理舒缓群众情绪], Baijiahao [百家号], 14 April 2017, online.
Wang Yayun [王亚芸], ‘General mobilisation for all ethnicities and all walks of life speak up and brandish swords to contribute to the the realization of the overall goals – overview of the “three loves, three oppositions” themed speak up and brandish swords activities’ [各族各界发声亮剑总动员,为实现总目标贡献力量—自治区‘三爱三反’发声亮剑系列活动综述], Central United Front Work Department [中央统战部], 3 March 2017, online.
Ibid.
‘“Three gratitudes, three wishes” activities lead herdsmen, farmers and party members in Uchturpan County to demonstrate loyalty’ [“三感恩,三祝愿”引领乌什农牧民党员践忠诚], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via Tianshan News [天山网], 16 June 2017, online; ‘Burchin County: “Three gratitudes, three wishes” themed public lectures during flag raising ceremony on Monday, stirring patriotic feelings’ [布尔津:周一升国旗‘三感恩,三祝愿’主题宣讲,激发爱国情], Central People’s Government [中央人民政府], 6 June 2017, online; ‘Ili prefecture supply and marketing system launches “three loves, three oppositions” and “three gratitudes, three wishes” themed “speak up and brandish the sword” activities’ [伊犁州供销系统开展 ‘三爱三反’‘三感恩三祝愿’主题发声亮剑活动], Xinjiang Supply and Marketing Cooperative [新疆供销社], 27 June 2017, online; Li Yongfu [李永福], ‘“Three loves, three oppositions, three gratitudes, three wishes” propaganda lectures and public pledge activities inspire patriotism among villagers’ [“三爱三反三祝愿”宣讲签名活动激发村民爱国热情], Xinjiang Livelihood News [新疆民生网], 23 May 2017, online; ‘Nilqa County women’s federation held embroidery skills competition and “becoming family beautiful projects” themed clothing display’ [尼勒克县妇联举办‘刺绣技能竞赛’暨‘靓丽工程•民族团结一家亲’服装展示活动], Voices of the Women of Ili [伊犁女声], 25 May 2017, online.
‘“Three gratitudes, three wishes” activities’, Xinjiang Daily, 16 June 2017, online.
Xinjiang launches “de-extremification” propaganda lecture educational activities’, Xinjiang Economics News, 31 March 2017, online; ‘[Big propaganda lecture] This ‘de-extremification’ education method is in touch with the masses’ [大宣讲] 这样的“去极端化”教育方式接地气], Niye Zero Distance [民丰零距离] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 12 September 2017, online; Ma Linrong [马琳荣], Xi Xiaoyu [席晓宇], ’A hundred women in Ushtala township in Hoshut Township deeply moved by listening to propaganda lectures’ [新疆和硕县:乌什塔拉乡百名妇女聆听宣讲讲到心坎里], Yaxin News [亚心网] via Sina News [新浪新闻], 29 November 2017, online; ‘Ghulja City drums up strong “de-extremification” propaganda education atmosphere’ [伊宁市营造‘去极端化’宣传教育浓厚氛围], Yaxin News [亚心网] via China Xinjiang [中国新疆], 21 January 2015, online.
‘Chapchal Township launches “the big denounce, expose and criticise” activities’ [察布查尔镇开展‘大声讨大揭批’活动], Chapchal Town Bulletin [察布查尔镇微讯], 12 April 2017, online; ‘Using hard measures to cure a lack of discipline and gather [our] strength to build the foundation: the rehabilitation of weak village [community] party committee in Ili Kazakh Prefecture, Xinjiang’ [硬招治软散,聚力强基石—新疆伊犁州软弱涣散村(社区)党组织如期“摘帽”], CCP Members Net [共产党员网], 9 January 2017, online; ‘Improve ideological immunity, educate and guide the masses, Ichyan Village carries out “big denounce, expose and criticise” activities’ [提高思想免疫力教育引导群众依其央村开展‘大宣讲大揭批大声讨大反思’活动], FX361, 13 September 2018, online.
Wang Zhenfei [王振飞], ‘Ergon Village in Qingshuihe Township holds “expose and criticise” mass meeting’ [清水河镇二宫村召开群众揭批大会], Xinjiang Korgas County People’s Government [新疆霍城县人民政府], 30 March 2017, online.
Mu Min [牟敏], ‘Communities set up grassroots propaganda lecture groups to come up with different ways to promote the spirit of the 19th National People’s Congress’ [社区成立基层宣讲团,形式多样宣传十九大精神], Xinjiang News [ 新疆网], 13 November 2017, online; ‘“Big propaganda lecture, expose, criticise, denounce and reflect” to “speak up and brandish the sword” activities’ [‘大宣讲、大揭批、大声讨、大反思’ 发声亮剑活动], Sound of Irtysh River [额河水之声], 9 May 2018, online
Sui Yunyan [隋云雁], ‘“7th Five-year Plan” legal education – laid firm foundation for ruling Xinjiang in accordance with law’ [‘七五’普法:为依法治疆奠定坚实基础], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 26 December 2020, online.
‘Derui Company personnel joins “speak up and brandish the sword” activities’ [德瑞公司发声亮剑专题], Derui Hotel Management Company [德瑞酒店管理公司], 24 October 2018, online.
322 ‘“Break their lineage, break their roots”: China’s crimes against humanity targeting Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 19 April 2021, online.
Ibid.
Matthew Hill, David Campanale, Joel Gunter, ‘“Their goal is to destroy everyone”: Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rape’, BBC News, 2 February 2020, online.
Memeteli Tursun [麦麦提艾力·吐尔孙], ‘Birth of the Xinjiang de-extremification regulations’ [自治区去极端化条例诞生记], China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, 5 May 2017, online.
Liu Caiyu, Liu Xuanzun, ‘Xinjiang revises its anti-extremism regulation’, Global Times, 10 October 2018, online; Jeremy Daum, ‘Explainer on Xinjiang regulations’, China Law Translate, 11 October 2018, online.
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, online; ‘Public statement on Fukang City Vocational Education and Training Service Management Bureau’s 2018 departmental budget, as well as the “three public expenditures” budget’ [阜康市职业技能教育培训服务管理局 2018 年部门预算及‘三公’经费预算: 信息公开报告], online; ‘Notice on the approval to the adjustments of the 2018 budget revenue and expenditures of Pichan County’ [关于批准调整鄯善县2018年财政预算收支的通知], Pichan County People’s Congress [鄯善县人民代表大会], 2018, online.
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, 2017, online.
The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra, online.
‘Release of the 2018 Xinjiang Kashgar Forestry Bureau’s budget’ [新疆维吾尔自治区喀什市林业局 2018年部门预算公开], online.
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, 2017, online.
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, 2017, online.
‘List of municipal government personnel and responsibilities, 2018’ [市级部门权责清单(2018年版]], Karamay District People’s Government [克拉玛依区人民政府], online.
‘Release of the 2017 public final accounts of Xinjiang Pichan County People’s Government Justice Bureau’ [2017 年度新疆鄯善县人民政府司法局部门决算公开], Xinjiang Pichan County People’s Government Justice Bureau [新疆鄯善县人民政府司法局], 2017, online.
‘China: Visiting officials occupy homes in Muslim region—”Becoming Family” campaign Intensifies repression in Xinjiang’, Human Rights Watch, 13 May 2018, online.
358 ‘Release of the 2017 final account of the Xinjiang Pichan County People’s Government Department of Justice’ [2017年度新疆鄯善县人民政府司法局部门决算公开], Xinjiang Piqan County People’s Government Department of Justice [新疆鄯善县人民政府], online.
‘Becoming Family’ is also known in Chinese as 结对认亲, but this report adopts the usage of ‘民族团结一家亲’ which seems more commonly used in official documents.
‘Xinjiang Fanghuiju review: A major fundamental policy to promote long-lasting stable rule’ [新疆”访惠聚”述评:推进长治久安的重大治本之策], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 13 January 2015, online. / Shi Xin [石鑫], ‘Xinjiang: Must ceaselessly continue to deepen Fanghuiju village-based work’ [新疆:不断把‘访惠聚’驻村工作引向深入], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via Central People’s Government [中国政府网], 3 December 2016, online; ‘Release of the 2019 final accounts of Shayar County People’s Procuratorate’ [沙雅县人民检察院 2019 年度部门决算公开说明], online.
‘“Hundred questions and hundred examples”: Cadre handbooks in the Fanghuiju campaign’, Xinjiang Documentation Project, University of British Columbia, online.
‘Fanghuiju work teams in Cherchen County help the village “two committees” with elections’ [且末县‘访惠聚’工作组助力村‘两委’换届], Weekend Stories [周末故事会], 24 June 2016, online; ‘Fanghuiju work teams assist in constructing Aksu Prefecture’s grassroots party organisation’ [‘访惠聚’工作助力阿克苏地区基层党组织建设], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via Tianshan News [天山网], 22 October 2018, online.
‘Xinjiang: Must ceaselessly continue to deepen Fanghuiju village-based work’, Xinjiang Daily, 3 December 2016, online.
‘Issued by the Xinjiang Fanghuiju Office on 18 March 2016: Notice on changes to the structure and division of responsibilities of the Xinjiang Fanghuiju program leading small group’ [2016年3月18日自治区‘访惠聚’活动办公室印发:新民组发〔2016〕6号《关于调整自治区‘访惠聚’活动领导小组办公室内设机构职责分工的通知》], Kunlun News [昆仑网], 23 March 2016, online.
‘1.1 million cadres and 1.6 million people from all different ethnic groups in Xinjiang “become families”’ [新疆110万名干部职工与160万户各族群众结对认亲], Xinhua Net [新华网], 4 July 2018, online.
358 Dake Kang, Yanan Wang, ‘China’s Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party members’, The Associate Press, 1 December 2018, online; ‘Xinjiang launches “Becoming Family” Initiative mass mobilisation meeting, Chen Quanguo makes a speech’ [新疆召开‘民族团结一家亲’活动动员大会 陈全国讲话], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 17 October 2016, online; ‘Our “relatives” have arrived! – True stories from the implementation of the “Becoming Family” Initiative in Xinjiang’ [我家‘亲戚’来了—新疆开展‘民族团结一家亲’活动纪实], Guangming Daily [光明日报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 18 April 2020, online; ‘Endless heartwarming stories of mutual assistance among ethnicities from the Becoming Family Initiative in Xinjiang’ [新疆各族人民‘结亲’互助,暖心故事一千零一夜也讲不完], CCTV [央视网], 7 July 2018, online.
‘”Becoming Family” and helping each other, a new page in the history book of Xinjiang’s ethnic unity’
[结对认亲,守望相助!两年了,新疆民族团结史册翻开崭新一页!], Xinjiang United Front Work Department [新疆维统一战线], 3 January 2019, online.
Chang Chenxuan [张晨暄], ‘The Becoming Family Initiative will deepen the progress of Fanghuiju work’ [‘民族团结一家亲’活动将“访惠聚”工作推向深入], Yaxin News [亚心网] via Phoenix News [凤凰新闻], 20 October 2016, online; ‘All levels of Fanghuiju village-based work teams actively participate in the Becoming Family Initiative in Bayingolin Prefecture’ [巴州各‘访惠聚’驻村工作队积极开展‘民族团结一家亲’活动], Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 27 August 2018, online; ‘Cadres go to grassroots and synergize “Becoming Family” with Fanghuiju campaign’ [【民族团结】干部俯下身子下基层,把‘民族团结一家亲’与‘访惠聚’相互贯穿], Prefecture CPPCC Guangming Neighbourhood work team on WeChat [州政协驻光明社区工作队微信公众号”尉犁零距离”], 11 May 2019, online.
‘Toli County tours conference to highlight positive Becoming Family Initiative examples’ [托里县开展‘民族团结一家 亲’先进典型事迹巡回报告会], ‘Becoming Family’ Initiative Leading Small Group on WeChat “[ 民族团结一家亲”活动 领导小组微信公众号”托里零距离”] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 4 July 2019, online; ‘The County’s United Front Work Department arranges batches of training for cadres on ethnic unity – to strengthen their theories and improve their overall capabilities’ [民族团结一家亲]强化理论培训提升综合素质 —县委统战部分批次举办民族团结工作分管领导培训], Ürümqi County Zero Distance [乌鲁木齐县零距离], 28 January 2019, online; ‘Hejing County holds meeting on “Becoming Family” Initiative Advancement’ [和静县召开‘民族团结一家亲’活动推进会], Hejing Zero Distance [和静零距离], 24 September 2017, online; ‘Window into the leadership team’ [领导之窗], Xinjiang United Front Work Department [新疆统一战线], online.
‘Fanghuiju work winning praises’ [‘访惠聚’工作赢赞誉], Kargilik County People’s Government [叶城县人民政府], 6 July 2017, online.
‘Xinjiang Information Centre’ [新疆自治区信息中心], TSP Web [调色盘网], 15 January 2021, online.
‘Villager Helpitim Imin organised marriage for his daughters twice, and the two experiences were radically different’ [村民海皮提木·依明两次嫁女儿前后大不同], Xinjiang Department of Housing and Urban–Rural Development
[新疆维吾尔自治区住房和城乡建设厅], 6 April 2016, online.
‘Xinjiang further implements the Fanghuiju Program: Questions and answers for those who conduct village-based work’ [自治区深化‘访民情惠民生聚民心’:驻村工作应知应会问答], Xinjiang Agricultural Machinery Bureau
[新疆维吾尔自治区农牧业机械管理局], 12 March 2018, online.
‘Three years of education and aid have inspired southern Xinjiang ‘surplus labourers’ to be motivated to rise out of poverty’ [三年教育帮扶,激发南疆富余劳动力脱贫‘心’动力], China Xinjiang News [中国新疆网], 2 April 2020, online; Aynur [阿依努尔], ‘Southern Xinjiang implements “surplus labour” transfer and employment with precision’ [新疆精准推进南疆富余劳动力转移就业], Bingtuan Daily [兵团日报], 13 October 2019, online; Adrian Zenz, ‘Coercive labor and forced displacement in Xinjiang’s cross-regional labor transfer program’, Jamestown Foundation, March 2021, online.
Li Fangfang [李芳芳], ‘Story from southern Xinjiang: labour transfer within Xinjiang helps removing the label of poverty’ [南疆故事:疆内转移就业,摘掉贫穷标签], Beijing Review [北京周报], 15 December 2017, online.
Xu et al., Uyghurs for sale.
John Sudworth, ‘“If the others go I’ll go”: Inside China’s scheme to transfer Uighurs into work’, BBC News, 2 March 2020, online.
‘Xinjiang trains all of southern Xinjiang’s “poverty-stricken labourers”’’ [新疆维吾尔自治区全员培训南疆贫困劳动力], Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security [中国人力资源和社会保障部], 9 February 2019, online.
‘Xinjiang Department of Human Resources and Social Security: Strengthen cooperation on labour administration within Xinjiang and further long-term stable employment’ [新疆自治区人力资源和社会保障厅:强化区内劳务协作,促进长期稳定就业], Ministry of Human Resources and Social Stability [中国人力资源和社会保障部], 11 January 2019, online; Zhang Qiongwen [张琼文], ‘Organising across regions, matching needs with skills – 50,000 from Xinjiang have been systematically transferred and assumed employment’ [跨区域组织,精准化对接——新疆5万名跨区域有组织转移人员稳岗就业], National Administration for Rural Revitalisation [国家乡村振兴局], 31 July 2020, online.
‘Xinjiang Department of Human Resources and Social Security: Must strengthen cooperation within labour
administration in Xinjiang and further long-term employment stability among its people’, 11 January 2019, online; ‘Six batches of labour transfer help 100,000 people to escape poverty’’ [‘六个一批’转移就业助十万群众摆脱贫困], China Public Jobs Announcement Online [中国公共招聘网], 28 December 2018, online.
‘Nilqa County, Xinjiang: Many measures combined to explore and improve new models to transfer rural labourers outside Xinjiang’ [新疆尼勒克:多措并举探索提升农村劳动力疆外有组织转移就业新模式], China’s Employment Online [中国就业网], 24 June 2019, online; Guang Xiangli [关祥利], ‘Orku District, Karamay City, Xinjiang: Arrange southern Xinjiang’s transferred labourers to settle down, in order to win the final battle against persistent poverty’ [新疆克拉玛依市乌尔禾区:妥善安置南疆富余劳动力,助力决战决胜脱贫攻坚], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 30 March 2020, online.
‘2017 implementation plan for Iwirghol district, Qumul city to systematically transfer rural “surplus labourers” for employment’ [2017年新疆哈密市伊州区农村富余劳动力有组织转移就业实施方案], Qumul City Iwirghol District People’s Government [哈密市伊州区人民政府], 30 October 2017, online.
‘Nilqa County, Xinjiang: Need to explore new models of organised labour transfer of surplus rural labour’,
China’s Employment Online, 24 June 2019, online.
Xu et al., Uyghurs for sale.
‘Xinjiang Department of Human Resources and Social Security: Must strengthen cooperation within labour administration in Xinjiang and further long-term employment stability among its people’, 11 January 2019, online; ‘Organising across regions, matching needs with skills – 50,000 from Xinjiang have been systematically transferred and assumed employment’ National Administration for Rural Revitalisation, 31 July 2020, online; ‘Labour transfer leads to better lives’ [转移就业:让日子越来越美好], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 10 August 2019, online.
‘Notice on the further improvement of the employment stability of the organised transfer labour force in deeply impoverished areas of the four Southern Xinjiang prefectures’ [关于进一步提高南疆四地州深度贫困地区有组织转移劳动力就业稳定性工作的通知], Office of the Karashahar Hui Autonomous County People’s Government [焉耆回族自治县人民政府办公室], 20 November 2018, online.
‘Notice on the further improvement of the employment stability of the organised transfer labour force in deeply impoverished areas of the four Southern Xinjiang prefectures’ [关于进一步提高南疆四地州深度贫困地区有组织转移劳动力就业稳定性工作的通知], Office of the Karashahar Hui Autonomous County People’s Government [焉耆回族自治县人民政府办公室], 20 November 2018, online.
Anna Fifield, ‘China compels Uighurs to work in shoe factory that supplies Nike’, Washington Post, 29 February 2020, online.
‘The 2017 plan to implement organised transfer of surplus labour for the purpose of poverty alleviation in Iwirghol District, Qumul city, Xinjiang’ [2017年新疆哈密市伊州区农村富余劳动力有组织转移就业实施方案], Qumul City Iwirghol District People’s Government [哈密市伊州区人民政府], 30 October 2017, online; ‘Xinjiang Department of Human Resources and Social Security: Must strengthen cooperation within labour administration in Xinjiang and
further long-term employment stability among its people’, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Stability, 11 January 2019, online.
Zenz, Coercive labor and forced displacement in Xinjiang’s cross-regional labor transfer program.
‘Nilqa County, Xinjiang: Need to explore new models of organised labour transfer of surplus rural labour’ [新疆尼勒 克:多措并举探索提升农村劳动力疆外有组织转移就业新模式], China’s Employment Online [中国就业网], 24 June 2019, online; ‘The 2017 plan to implement organised transfer of surplus labour for the purpose of poverty alleviation in Iwirghol district, Qumul city, Xinjiang’, Qumul City Iwirghol District People’s Government, 30 October 2017, online.
‘Organising across regions, matching needs with skills – 50,000 from Xinjiang have been systematically transferred and assumed employment’ National Administration for Rural Revitalisation, 31 July 2020, online.
‘About the People’s Court of Kargilik County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang’ [新疆喀什地区叶城县人民法院], Xinjiang Judicial Litigation Service [新疆法院诉讼服务网], online.
‘Organising across regions, matching needs with skills – 50,000 from Xinjiang have been systematically transferred and assumed employment’, National Administration for Rural Revitalisation, 31 July 2020, online.
‘Notice on the further improvement of the employment stability of the organised labour transfers in deeply
poverty-stricken areas of the four southern Xinjiang prefectures’ [关于进一步提高南疆四地州深度贫困地区有组织转移劳动力就业稳定性工作的通知], Office of the Karashahar Hui Autonomous County People’s Government [焉耆回族自治县人民政府办公室], 20 November 2018, online; ‘Investment in fixed assets from January to February 2020’, National Bureau of Statistics of China, 17 March 2020, online.
Commonly known in English by its acronym SASAC. / ‘Xinjiang’s district-level state-owned enterprises and central-government-level state-owned enterprises absorb nearly a thousand labourers from poor families in deeply poverty-stricken counties in southern Xinjiang’s four prefectures’ [自治区区属国企及中央驻疆企业吸纳首批近千名,南疆四地州深度贫困县贫困家庭劳动力就业], Xinjiang Kunlun News [新疆昆仑网], 31 March 2020, online.
390 ‘Government Information Release: Nijat Ismayil’ [政府信息公开: 尼加提•司马义], Xinjiang Industry and Information Technology Department [新疆维吾尔自治区工业和信息化厅], December 2020, online; Li Chunxia, ‘Labour transfer leads to better lives’, Xinjiang Daily, 10 August 2019, online; ‘Prefecture Industry and Information Technology Bureau personnel and responsibilities’ [地区工业和信息化局班子成员分工], Xinjiang Altay Prefecture Administration [新疆阿勒泰地区行署], 26 May 2019, online; ‘Kizilsu Prefecture Industry and Information Technology Bureau information release – Leadership personnel list’ [克州工业和信息化局信息公开-领导成员], Xinjiang Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区克州人民政府], online; ‘7th national Xinjiang Aid work conference met with enthusiastic responses in Xinjiang’ [第七次全国对口支援新疆工作会议在新疆维吾尔自治区引发热烈反响], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 18 July 2019, online; Amy K Lehr, ‘Addressing forced labor in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Toward a shared agenda’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 30 July 2020, online. ‘Record of the Prefecture’s Xinjiang Aid efforts (2) Industrial Xinjiang Aid to promote development and help benefit people’s livelihood’ [州援疆风采录(2)产业援疆促发展增添动力惠民生], Changji Daily on WeChat [《昌吉日报》微信公众号”昌吉市零距离”], 31 December 2019, online.
390 Gong Houyu [龚后雨], Wang Ganggang [王刚刚], ‘Xinjiang Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development: Provide housing for all farmers and herdsmen from all ethnicities’ [新疆维吾尔自治区住房和城乡建设厅村镇建设处: 让各族农牧民住有安居], National Administration for Rural Revitalisation [国家乡村振兴局], 25 February 2021, online; ‘“Years as long as rivers, waves as loud as songs”: Recollections of Quan He, Deputy Director of Xinjiang’s Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development’ [岁月如河 澎湃如歌——记新疆住房和城乡建设厅副厅长全河], China Construction News [中国建设报], 20 September 2019, online.
‘Speech by Liu Yongfu at the 2019 tour of private enterprises in southern Xinjiang’ [在2019‘民营企业南疆行’活动上的讲话-刘永富], National Administration for Rural Revitalisation [国家乡村振兴局], 25 February 2020, online.
‘Keriye County promotes women’s labour transfer and employment’ [于田县推进妇女劳务输出转移就业工作],
Keriye County Government Net [于田政府网], 25 January 2019, online.
Duan Yuqiang [段玉强], ‘Work team assists the first groups of rural surplus labourers from Baghchi village with labour transfer’ [工作队帮助巴格其村首批农村富余劳动力转移就业], Legal Culture Medias [法制文化传媒], 9 March 2018, online.
Ruser & Leibold, Family de-planning: the coercive campaign to drive down indigenous birth-rates in Xinjiang; ‘China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization’, The Associated Press, 29 June 2020, online; Adrian Zenz, Sterilizations, IUDs, and mandatory birth control: the CCP’s campaign to suppress Uyghur birthrates in Xinjiang, Jamestown Foundation, June 2020, online.
Ibid.
‘Notice on launching retrospective targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于开展违法生育专项治理“回头看”工作的通知], Ulughchat County People’s Government [乌恰县人民政府], 16 June 2018, online; ‘Gumudi Township’s plans on “two types of thorough investigations” during targeted campaign against illegal births’ [关于印发《古牧地镇2019年违法生育‘两个彻查’专项行动实施方案》的通知], Midong District People’s Government [米东区人民政府], 21 July 2019, online.
Ruser & Leibold, Family de-planning: the coercive campaign to drive down indigenous birth-rates in Xinjiang.
Ibid.
Kaamil Ahmed, ‘China to clamp down on abortions for “non-medical purposes”’, The Guardian, 28 September 2021, online; Sui-Lee Wee, ‘China says it will allow couples to have 3 children, up from 2’, The New York Times, 31 May 2021, online; Nathan Vanderklippe, ‘How China is trying to limit births among Muslim populations in Xinjiang region’, The Globe and Mail, 24 June 2021, online.
‘Population data of Karakash County’ [墨玉县人口数据], Red Black Population Statistics Library [红黑人口库], 20 July 2020, online.
‘China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization’, The Associated Press, 29 June 2020, online.
Ibid.
‘Release of the 2020 departmental budget of the Xinjiang Health Commission’ [新疆维吾尔自治区卫生健康委员会2020年度部门预算公开报告], online.
‘Notice on the launch of Koktogay County’s target campaign against illegal births’ [关于印发《富蕴县开展违法生育专项治理行动实施方案》的通知], Koktogay County People’s Government [富蕴县人民政府], 30 April 2019, online; ‘Notice on Cherchen County’s 2018 targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于印发《且末县2018年度违法生育专项治理工作实施方案》的通知], Cherchen County People’s Government [且末县人民政府], 30 May 2018, online.
‘Population management leading small group convenes on video conference’ [统筹解决人口问题领导小组视频会召开], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆人民政府], 23 November 2018, online; ‘Notice on the establishment of the prefecture’s illegal births crackdown leading small group’ [关于成立自治州违法生育治理工作领导小组的通知], Law-Lib [法律图书馆], 21 August 2017, online.
‘Release of plans on Koktogay County’s targeted crackdown against illegal births‘, Koktogay County People’s Government, 30 April 2019, online.
‘Notice on Cherchen County’s 2018 targeted crackdown against illegal births’, Cherchen County People’s Government, 30 May 2018, online.
‘Notice on Cherchen County’s 2018 targeted crackdown against illegal births’, Cherchen County People’s Government, 30 May 2018, online; ‘Release of plans on Koktogay County’s targeted crackdown against illegal births‘, Koktogay County People’s Government, 30 April 2019, online.
‘Xinjiang Regulation on Population and Family Planning’ [新疆维吾尔自治区人口与计划生育条例], Xinjiang Health Commission [新疆维吾尔自治区卫生健康委员会], 17 July 2019, online.
‘Qaradong Township launches the 2017 conference on targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [喀尔墩乡召开2017年违法生育专项治理工作会议], Qaradong Township People’s Government [喀尔墩乡人民政府], 8 April 2017, online.
‘Notice on launching retrospective targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于开展违法生育专项治理“回头看”工作的通知], Ulughchat County People’s Government [乌恰县人民政府], 16 June 2018, online.
‘Notice on continuing and advancing targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于持续深入开展违法生育专项治理工作的通知], Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County People’s Government [察布查尔县人民政府], 28 May 2018, online.
A Han-majority paramilitary organisation acting like a state within a state in Xinjiang.
‘Using industries to attract people: Develop industries in order to create jobs and gather more population’ [以产引人: 发展产业带动就业集聚人口], Bingtuan Daily [兵团日报], 25 April 2019, online.
Ibid.
Xu et al., Uyghurs for sale.
Wu Qiang, ‘Urban grid management and police state in China: a brief overview’, China Change, 12 August 2014, online.
‘1,202 “advanced joint households” families are commended in Tibet, as more than 3,000 representatives of joint households are elected to the village “two committees”’ [西藏表彰1202户‘先进双联户’家庭 3000多名联户代表选进村‘两委’], China Peace [长安网], 6 January 2015, online.
‘Release of the 2017 Xinjiang PLAC’s final departmental accounts’ [2017年度自治区党委政法委部门决算公开说明], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府], 31 August 2017, online.
Deng Zhihua [邓志华], ‘Ningxia PLAC and other departments went to Xinjiang to inspect and dock counterterrorism and stability maintenance work’ [宁夏党委政法委等部门赴新疆考察对接反恐维稳工作], Ningxia Daily [宁夏日报] via The Paper [澎湃], 27 November 2018, online.
Christy Leung, ‘Hong Kong’s anti-terrorism task force goes to Xinjiang to study local methods, as China rejects international calls to investigate mass internment centres’, South China Morning Post, 8 December 2018, online.
‘Zhu Hailun: Pioneer of the capital of the western region’ [朱海仑:西域首府引路人], Youth China News [中华儿女新闻网], 19 September 2012, online.
Andreas Lorenz, ‘“Redder than red”: An American portrait of China’s next leader’, Spiegel International, 12 May 2010, online; Evan Osnos, ‘Born red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China’s most authoritarian leader since Mao’, The New Yorker, 30 March 2015, online.
Ibid.
Darren Byler, ‘“Uyghurs are so bad”: Chinese dinner table politics in Xinjiang’, SupChina, 3 June 2020, online.