ASPI之前的报告《待售的维吾尔人》 (Uyghurs for sale)指出,在远离家乡的工厂里,维吾尔工人通常和其他工人分开住,并在工作时间之外接受有组织的汉语和意识形态培训。他们受到持续监视,宗教信仰被禁止。155中国媒体2017年报道说,在党的干部到偏远的皮山县的各家各户施压以前,没有一位村民自愿报名加入劳动力转移计划、前往4000公里外的安徽省工作。156
Zhu Shuyan [朱书缘], ‘Xi Jinping’s “county party secretary complex” and how that relates to the concept of “frontline commander”’ [习近平的‘县委书记’情结:为何关注‘一线总指挥’?], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 7 June 2015, online; ‘Xi Jinping’s “county party secretary” complex: how the concept of “sesame official” relates to the rise and fall of nations’ [习近平的‘县委书记’情结:‘芝麻官’关系国家兴衰安危], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 13 January 2015, online.
Zhu Shuyan, ‘Xi Jinping’s “county party secretary complex” and how that relates to the concept of “frontline commander”.
‘The CCP’s “all-member training” of county party secretaries tie the “knot” of stable governance’ [中共‘全员轮训’县委书记打牢执政‘纽结’], Xinhua Net [新华网], 15 January 2015, online; Zhu Shuyan, ‘Xi Jinping’s “county party secretary complex”’, People’s Daily Online [人民网], 7 June 2015, online; Gu Baiwen [顾百文], ‘Brief discussion on joining the Central Party School county party secretary training program’ [浅谈参加中央党校县委书记研修班学习收获], Suihua Daily [绥化日报], 21 January 2015, online.
‘200 county party secretaries went to Beijing to ‘go to school’: They watch historical documentaries about the collapse of the Soviet Union in the evening’ [200县委书记进京“上学记”:晚上看苏东剧变等历史剧], Beijing News [新京报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 16 January 2015, online.
‘“Follow the examples of Jiao Yulu as county party secretary”, written by Xi Jinping, is published’’ [习近平《做焦裕禄式的县委书记》出版发行], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 27 August 2015, online.
Xi Jinping [习近平], ‘Speech delivered upon meeting the nation’s outstanding county party secretaries’ [在会见全国优秀县委书记时的讲话], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 31 August 2015, online.
‘Chen Quanguo emphasises stability maintenance in Xinjiang during teleconference’ [陈全国在自治区维护稳定工作电视电话上强调], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 9 January 2017, online.
The full name is ‘Vocational Education and Training Service Management Bureau’.
219 ‘Hotan Prefecture creates innovative mechanism to facilitate labour transfers’ [和田地区创新机制助推劳动力转移就业], Xinjiang Economic News [新疆经济报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 23 May 2017, online; Yang Tingting [杨婷婷], Shi Kaiwei [石凯伟], ‘Around 1200 surplus labourers from urban and rural Lop County have traveled to other parts of China for work’ [洛浦县1200余名城乡富余劳动力赴内地务工], China Xinjiang [中国新疆], 11 May 2017, online.
‘Notice on Cherchen County’s 2018 targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于印发《且末县2018年度违法生育专项治理工作实施方案》的通知], Cherchen County People’s Government [且末县人民政府], 30 May 2018, online.
Officials whose profiles are publicly available and can be corroborated by credible sources. The lists of official names are withheld from publication due to privacy concerns, but may be available upon request.
‘Constitution of China’ [中华人民共和国宪法], Central People’s Government [中国中央人民政府], online.
Because the profiles are written from publicly available sources instead of interviews, they reflect only these individuals’ public personas.
228 ‘Xi Jinping met with the nation’s outstanding county party secretaries’ [习近平会见全国优秀县委书记], Xinhua Net [新华网], 29 June 2021, online.
‘36 year-old Yao Ning was awarded the title of ‘The nation’s most outstanding county party secretary’, receiving congratulations from two faculties at Tsinghua University, his alma mater’ [36岁药宁获‘全国优秀县委书记’称号后,母校清华两院系祝贺], New Beijing News [新京报], 2 July 2021, online.
‘Alumnus of the engineering department, Yao Ning, recognised as “The nation’s outstanding county party secretary”’ [工业工程系校友药宁被授予‘全国优秀县委书记’称号], Tsinghua University Department of Industrial Engineering [清华大学工业工程系], 1 July 2021, online; ‘Ning Yao: Asia Fellow, AY 2010-2011’, Harvard Kennedy School Ash Centre for Democratic Governance and Innovation, online.
‘36 year-old Yao Ning was awarded the title of ‘The nation’s outstanding county party secretary’, receiving congratulations from two Schools at Tsinghua University, his Alma Mater’ [36岁药宁获‘全国优秀县委书记’称号后,母校清华两院系祝贺], New Beijing News [新京报], 2 July 2021, online.
Ilham Tohti [伊力哈木·土赫提], ‘Demographics of Maralbeshi County, Xinjiang’ [维吾尔自治区巴楚县民族人口结构], Uyghur Online [维吾尔在线], 25 April 2013, online; ‘Ferocious birth-control policies in Xinjiang are racially targeted’, The Economist, 26 June 2021, online.
The 2018 Xinjiang Maralbeshi County recruitment of 320 staff for vocational education and training centres’ [2018年新疆巴楚县招聘职业技能教育培训中心工作人员320名简章], Xinjiang Public Sector Net [新疆公务员网], 15 March 2018, online.
See section 7.2: ‘Re-education camps’, which references Xinjiang government order that county party secretaries personally lead a taskforce that in turn oversees the operations for the detention facilities.
See section 7.4: ‘Coercive labour assignments’, which discusses how local party and government leaders typically head the area’s labour transfer taskforce, and the coercive nature of Xinjiang’s labour transfer programs.
‘Yao Ning, the nation’s outstanding county party secretary: Take root in the frontier, keep the original inspiration, shoulder the mission and fulfil the promise’ [全国优秀县委书记药宁:扎根边疆守初心,勇担使命践诺言], Xinhua All Media [新华全媒+], online.
Ibid.
228 ‘Young cadres look here! Xi Jinping is paying attention to you!’ [年轻干部看过来! 习近平在关注你们], Xinhua Net [新华网], 3 July 2018, online.
‘Alumnus of the engineering department, Yao Ning’, Tsinghua University Department of Industrial Engineering, 1 July 2021, online.
Zhang Rui [张睿], ‘Yao Ning: Go where the motherland needs me most’ [药宁: 到祖国最需要的地方去], Tsinghua University News [清华大学新闻], 25 April 2018, online.
‘Alumnus of the engineering department, Yao Ning’, Tsinghua University Department of Industrial Engineering, 1 July 2021, online.
‘Ning Yao: Asia Fellow, AY 2010–2011’, Harvard Kennedy School Ash Centre for Democratic Governance and Innovation, online.
Zhang Rui, ‘Yao Ning: Go where the motherland needs him most’.
‘Yao Ning’s Weibo posts’ [药宁的微博], Weibo [微博], 25 February to 17 June 2021, online.
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
Alice Su, ‘Threats of arrest, job loss and surveillance. China targets its “model minority”’, The Los Angeles Times, 23 September 2020, online; Chris Atwood, ‘Bilingual education in Inner Mongolia: an explainer’, Made in China, 30 August 2020, online.
‘To go to the border town’ [去一趟边城], Tsinghua University Department of Industrial Engineering [清华大学工业工程系], 27 April 2017, online.
Zhou Xueguang, The institutional logic of governance in China, 2017, p. 131, online.
Zhang Rui, ‘Yao Ning: Go where the country needs him most’.
‘Yao Ning’s Weibo posts’ [药宁的微博], Weibo [微博], 25 February to 17 June 2021, online.
‘Xi focus-quotable quotes: Xi Jinping on original aspiration of Chinese Communists’, Xinhua Net English, 29 June 2020, online.
As of September 2021, out of 11 vice-governors in Xinjiang, six are Han, three are Uyghur and two are from other ethnic groups. See ‘Regional leadership database – Xinjiang’ [地方领导资料库:新疆], People’s Daily Online [人民网], online. / ‘Regional leadership database: Xinjiang’ [地方领导资料库:新疆], People’s Daily Online [人民网], online.
‘Resume of Erken Tuniyaz, vice-chairman and standing committee member of the Xinjiang Party Committee’ [艾尔 肯·吐尼亚孜-简历, 新疆维吾尔自治区党委常委、副主席], People’s Daily Online [人民网], online; Kate Hoagland, ‘Ash Center: Two senior Chinese officials perform key research at the Ash Center’, Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, 3 February 2012, online.
‘Erken Tuniyaz is acting chairman of Xinjiang’ [艾尔肯·吐尼亚孜任新疆维吾尔自治区代主席], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 2 October 2021, online.
‘“Post-70s” Yang Fasen assumes his new post and becomes the youngest provincial and ministerial level official in Xinjiang. He was once awarded the title of “outstanding county party secretary’ [70后”杨发森履新, 成新疆最年轻省部级,曾获‘全国优秀县委书记’荣誉], Sina Finance News [新浪财经新闻], 31 March 2021, online.
‘Establish joint management of large scale propaganda work’ [建立齐抓共管的大宣传工作格局], Xinjiang Daily
[新疆日报], 29 September 2014, online.
‘Establish joint management of large scale propaganda work’ [建立齐抓共管的大宣传工作格局], Xinjiang Daily
[新疆日报], 29 September 2014, online.
Ibid.
Ibid.
‘In-depth reporting on Xinjiang’s “Bay County Experience”, part two’ [新疆‘拜城经验’深度报道之二], Tianshan News [天山网] via Phoenix News [凤凰新闻], 30 September 2014, 2, online; Zhang Chaowen [张超文], Liu Yanghui [刘旸辉], Wu Hui [吴卉], ‘Improve and innovate cultures to achieve the goal of ‘reaching people productively and effectively’:In-depth reporting on “Bay County Experience”, part three’ [改进创新文化引领实现‘到人管用有效’拜城经验深度报道之三], Sina News [新浪新闻], 1 October 2014, online.
‘In-depth reporting on Xinjiang’s “Bay County Experience”, part two’ [新疆‘拜城经验’深度报道之二], Tianshan News, 30 September 2014, p. 3, online.
262 Wang Tao [王涛], ‘Xinjiang transportation industry promotes “Bay County Experience” in order to further efforts in “de-extremification”’ [新疆交通运输行业推广‘拜城经验’ 深入推进‘去极端化’], Tianshan News [天山网] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 11 April 2015, online.
‘Establish joint management of large scale propaganda work’ [建立齐抓共管的大宣传工作格局], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 29 September 2014, online; ‘Report on the “Bay County Experience”, part one: Where there is innovation, there is vitality’ [‘拜城经验’启示系列报道:哪里有创新哪里就有活力], Tianshan News [天山网], 29 September 2014, online.
A Uyghur majority county in southern Xinjiang where ASPI researchers have identified three detention facilities built or expanded after 2017. See Nathan Ruser, Xinjiang detention facilities dataset, ASPI, 24 September 2020, online.
‘Leaders of Aksu’s Onsu County went on inspection tour in Bay County’ [阿克苏温宿县领导赴拜城县观摩], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府], 7 November 2014, online.
‘[[Xinjiang News Broadcast] Learn from the Bay County Experience and further implement ‘de-extremification’ education’ [[新疆新闻联播]学习拜城经验,深入推进‘去极端化’教育], CCTV [央视网], 4 October 2014, online.
‘Large scale de-extremification propaganda education programs created in Konasheher County, Xinjiang’ [新疆疏附 县构建‘去极端化’宣传教育大格局], chinanews.com [中国新闻网], 9 November 2014, online; ‘Chaqiliq County took the initiative to establish a large-scale news and propaganda centre in Bayingolin Prefecture’ [巴州若羌在巴州率先成立大新闻宣传中心], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府], 16 December 2014, online.
‘“Post-70s” Yang Fasen assumes his new post and becomes the youngest provincial and ministerial level official in Xinjiang. He was once awarded the title of “outstanding county party secretary”’, online; ‘Xinjiang Kucha County party secretary: Kucha is the forefront of Xinjiang’s anti-terrorism and stability maintenance’ [新疆库车县委书记:库车是新疆反恐维稳的前沿], State Council Information Office [国务院新闻办公室], 1 July 2015, online.
‘Pioneers of reforms – profile of an outstanding county secretary, Yang Fasen, party secretary of Kucha County’, Xinjiang Daily, 7 July 2015, online.
‘Revealed: Who are the five representatives who made speeches after shaking hands with Xi Jinping?’ [揭秘:跟习近平握手以后发言的五个代表都是谁], Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 1 July 2015, online.
Ibid.
‘Kucha County party secretary: Kucha is at the forefront of Xinjiang’s anti-terrorism and stability maintenance’ [新疆库车县委书记:库车是新疆反恐维稳的前沿], State Council Information Office [国务院新闻办公室], 1 July 2015, online.
‘Big data program targets Xinjiang’s Muslims: leaked list of over 2,000 detainees demonstrates automated repression’, Human Rights Watch, 9 December 2020, online.
‘Resume of Yang Fasen’ [杨发森:简历], People’s Daily Online [人民网], online.
The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra, online.
‘Resume of Yang Fasen’, People’s Daily Online, online.
‘“Post-70s” Yang Fasen assumes his new post and becomes the youngest provincial and ministerial level official in Xinjiang. He was once awarded the title of “outstanding county party secretary”’, online.
‘Protect our homes | Dorbiljin County’s deputy party secretary and county magistrate Mahesu Khan Gamshafu: Labour will bring joy today and unity will bring victory tomorrow’ [守护家园|额敏县委副书记、县长 马合苏提汗•加木沙甫: 劳动会给今天带来欢乐,团结会给明天带来胜利], Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 11 August 2017, online.
‘Konasheher County deputy party secretary of county party committee and county magistrate Rahman Omar: Always remember the kindness of the party and resolutely eradicate the “three evil forces’’’ [疏附县委副书记、县长热合曼·吾买尔:永远牢记党的恩情坚决铲除‘三股势力’], Tianshan News [天山网], 17 August 2017, online.
282 ‘Speak up and brandish the sword: determined to struggle against the “three evil forces”’ [发声亮剑 | 坚决同‘三股势力’ 作斗争], Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 20 May 2019, online.
Ibid.
‘[Speak up and brandish the sword in Hotan]: Ereti Yunus, Keriye County’s deputy party secretary and county magistrate: Be brave and strive to be the vanguard of counterterrorism and stability maintenance’ [【亮剑和田】于田县委副书记、县长 艾热提·尤努斯:正己身勇担当,争做反恐维稳先锋], Niye Zero Distance [民丰零距离] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 2 October 2018, online; ‘Speak up and brandish the swords!”: We must resolutely crack down on the “three evil forces” and completely eradicate “two-faced people”’ [发声亮剑:坚决打击‘三股势力’彻底铲除‘两面人’], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 30 August 2018, online.
282 ‘Iskender Keyum: Absolute loyalty to the party, fight against the enemies until the end, and pledge to safeguard the stability, harmony and unity of Xinjiang’ [斯坎旦·克尤木:对党绝对忠诚,对敌斗争到底,誓死捍卫新疆团结稳定和谐好局面], Qumul Radio [哈密电台] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 19 November 2018, online; Yasin Sidik, ‘Uyghurs are not Turkic descendants’ [牙生·司地克:维吾尔族不是突厥人后裔], Ürümqi Evening News (乌鲁木齐晚报) via Aisixiang [爱思想], 30 August 2018, online.
Darren Byler, ‘The “patriotism” of not speaking Uyghur’, SupChina, 2 January 2019, online.
‘Flag waving in the wind: a profile on Obulqasim Mettursun, Deputy Party Secretary and County Magistrate of Awat County’ [迎风飘扬的旗—记新疆阿瓦提县委副书记、县长吾布力喀斯木·买吐送], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 16 July 2018, online.
‘Obulqasim Mettursun: Emphasise “unity” with every word and every sentence’ [吾布力喀斯木·买吐送:一字一句写团结], People’s Daily [人民日报], 16 July 2017, online.
‘Video: Obulqasim, 19th National People’s Congress delegate: We must unite and energise in order to seek development’ [微视频|十九大代表吾布力喀斯木:团结鼓劲谋发展], Xigua Video [西瓜视频], 3 October 2017, online.
‘“Wake up call to fellow Uyghurs”: Hope to evoke the awakening of my fellow Uyghurs’ [《觉醒书》:希望能唤起维吾尔族同胞的觉醒], Sina News [新浪新闻], 31 March 2017, online.
Ibid.
‘Flag waving in the wind: a profile on Obulqasim Mettursun, Deputy Party Secretary and County Magistrate of Awat County’, Xinjiang Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Obulqasim Mettursun: Emphasise “unity” with every word and every sentence’, People’s Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Learn from Obulqasim Mettursun’s example and experience’ [学习吾布力喀斯木•买吐送先进事迹心得体会], Xinjiang High People’s Court [新疆高级人民法院], 6 April 2017, online.
‘Evoke inner awakening, eradicate extremist thoughts – New Inmates Prison invites Obulqasim Mettursun to conduct remote propaganda lectures’ [唤起内心觉醒,去除极端思想—新收犯监狱邀请吾布力喀斯木•买吐送开展远程视频宣教活动], Xinjiang Prison [新疆监狱], 7 April 2017, online.
‘Chen Quanguo meets with Obulqasim Mettursun’ [陈全国会见吾布力喀斯木•买吐送], Hejing County “Becoming Family” Program Leading Small Group on Hejing Zero Distance [民亲办微信公众号”和静零距离”], 19 May 2017, online.
Ibid.
‘Notes from the advancement ceremony on “Learn from Comrade Obulkasim Mettursun to speak up and brandish the sword”’ [向吾布力喀斯木•买吐送同志学习发声亮剑推进会侧记及综述], Kashgar Daily on WeChat [喀什日报微信公众号“喀什零距离”], 4 August 2017, online.
282 ‘Learn from Comrade Obulqasim Mettursun, promote “Speak Up and Brandish the Sword” activities’, Kashgar Daily,
4 August 2017, online; ‘Xinjiang holds advancement meeting on “Learn from Comrade Mattersun to speak up and brandish the sword”’ [自治区召开向吾布力喀斯木·买吐送同志学习发声亮剑推进会], CCP Xinjiang Commission for Discipline Inspection [中共新疆维吾尔自治区纪律检查委员会], 16 August 2017, online.
‘Obulqasim Mettursun: Emphasise “unity” with every word and every sentence’, People’s Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Flag waving in the wind: a profile on Obulqasim Mettursun, Deputy Party Secretary and County Magistrate of Awat County’, Xinjiang Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Delegate Obulkasim Mettursun: From “becoming rich” to “becoming strong”’ [吾布力喀斯木·买吐送代表:从‘富起来’到‘强起来’], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 22 October 2017, online.
‘Flag waving in the wind: a profile on Obulqasim Mettursun, Deputy Party Secretary and County Magistrate of Awat County’, Xinjiang Daily, 16 July 2017, online.
‘Central Propaganda Department holds foreign press conference on “The Chinese nation-race is one close family, building the China dream together sharing the same heart”’ [中共中央宣传部就‘中华民族一家亲,同心共筑中国梦’举行中外记者见面会], chinanews.com [中国网], 27 July 2021, online.
Zhang Chunxian, ‘Strive to write the new chapter of long-term stable rule and social stability in Xinjiang’ [张春贤:奋力谱写新疆社会稳定和长治久安新篇章], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 13 January 2014, online.
Release of the 2018 Xinjiang Kashgar Forestry Bureau’s budget’ [新疆维吾尔自治区喀什市林业局 2018年部门预算公开], online.
‘Xi Jinping: Must firmly establish the correct national and ethnic identity among the masses of all ethnicities’ (习近平: 要在各族群众中牢固树立正确的祖国观、民族观), Xinhua Net (新华网), 29 May 2014, online.
307 ‘Zhang Chunxian discussing counter-terrorism: Cadres of all ethnicities must dare to “speak up and brandish the sword” at the first moment’ [张春贤谈反恐:各族干部要第一时间敢于发声亮剑], Tianshan News [天山网] via chinanews.com [中国新闻网], 9 February 2014, online; ‘Social scientists in Xinjiang support the call to “speak up and brandish the sword” in our struggle against religious extremism’ [新疆社科界人士:主动发声‘亮剑,’ 反对宗教极端主义], Tianshan News [天山网] via Sina News [新浪新闻], 25 September 2013, online.
Tao Shuanke [陶拴科], ‘Ten thousand masses pledge to “brandish the sword” against terror in Cherchen County, Xinjiang [Gallery]’ [新疆且末县万名群众宣誓,向恐怖犯罪“亮剑”[组图]], Photo China [图片中国], 6 June 2014, online.
The Chinese party-state called the incident a terrorist attack, while Uyghur groups said it was resistance following the killing of a Uyghur family over a headscarf check. Andrew Jacobs, ‘After deadly clash, China and Uighurs disagree on events that led to violence’, The New York Times, 30 July 2014, online.
‘Cadres and masses of all ethnicities in Yarkant, Xinjiang “speak up and brandish the sword”, declare war on violent terrorists’ [新疆莎车各族干部群众发声亮剑向暴恐分子宣战], Ürümqi Evening News [乌鲁木齐晚报] via chinanews. com [中国新闻网], 8 August 2014, online.
‘Cadres and masses of all ethnicities in Ürümqi “speak up and brandish the sword”: Joint defence to crack down on violence and terrorism’ [乌鲁木齐各族干部群众发声亮剑:联防联保打击暴恐], Tianshan News [天山网] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 7 August 2014, online.
Mihrigul Wu [米日古力·吾], ‘Religious figures in Xinjiang “speak up and brandish the sword”’ [新疆宗教界人士发声亮剑], Xinjiang News [新疆网], 18 April 2017, online.
‘Commentary: “Speak up and brandish the sword” demonstrates the sense of responsibility of ethnic minority enterprises’ [评论:发声亮剑彰显民族企业的责任与担当], Private Corporates’ Social Responsibility Net [民营企业社会责任网], 8 July 2014, online.
Zhu Kaili [朱凯莉], Pang Xuefang [庞雪芳], ‘Cultural workers of Xinjiang “speak up and brandish the sword”: Don’t let dark clouds obscure the bright moon’ [新疆文化工作者发声亮剑:不让乌云遮明月], Tianshan News [天山网] via Sina News [新浪新闻], 14 August 2014, online.
Mihrigul Wu, Fang Feiyang [方菲洋], ‘Representatives of the disabled people in Xinjiang “speak up and brandish the sword”, expressing determination to resolutely resist religious extremist thoughts’ [新疆残疾人代表发声亮剑,坚决抵制宗教极端思想], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 29 August 2014, online.
‘At the regional grassroots propaganda work and winter propaganda lecture mobilization meeting, Zhang Chunxian orders to be a politically determined leader, a fighter who dares to speak up and can speak up, and a caring person to all ethnicities’ [张春贤在自治区基层宣传工作暨冬季大宣讲动员会议上要求做政治坚定的引领者敢讲会讲的战斗员各族群众的贴心人], Huaxia News [华夏经纬网], 5 January 2016, online; ‘“We love listening to propaganda lectures like this!”: Tens of thousands of people attend large-scale public propaganda lectures’ [【冬季万人大宣讲】这样的宣讲,我们很爱听!], Aksu City Media Communication Centre on WeChat [阿克苏市融媒体中心腾讯微信公众账号阿克苏市零距离], 10 January 2019, online.
‘A hundred women participate in “speak up and brandish the sword”, vowing to be pretty women’ [百名妇女发声亮剑 做靓丽女性], Global Times [环球网], 11 April 2017, online; ‘More than one hundred women of all ethnic groups in Tokkuztara speak up and brandish the sword’ [巩留百余名各族妇女发声亮剑], Xinjiang Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture People’s Government [新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州人民政府], 28 April 2017, online.
Pan Congwu, ‘Xinjiang “de-extremification” propaganda lecture group’, China Peace, 19 May 2016, online.
‘Xinjiang: Implement stricter requirements and strengthen daily management and supervision of cadres’, Central Organisation Department, 26 August 2014, online.
Ibid.
‘Propaganda lecture activities in Xinjiang are in full swing’ [新疆宣讲活动火热展开], State Council Information Office [国务院新闻办公室], 31 December 2014, online.
‘Ten thousand people attended public propaganda lectures in Aksu, Xinjiang: Speeches facilitate confidence, unity and harmony’ [新疆阿克苏万人大宣讲:讲出信心讲出团结讲出和谐], Guangming Daily [光明日报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 8 April 2019, online; ‘”De-extremification” and rule by law propaganda lectures covered the urban and rural areas of Kashgar’ [“去极端化”法制宣讲覆盖喀什城乡], Kashgar Zero Distance [喀什零距离], 24 February 2014, online. / ‘Xinjiang launches “de-extremification” propaganda lecture educational activities’ [自治区“去极端化”系列宣讲教育活动启动], Xinjiang Economics News [新疆经济报] via Xinjiang United Front Work Department [新疆统一战线工作
部], 21 March 2017, online; Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang’s “de-extremification” propaganda lecture group: Sowing the seeds of harmony and stability among the hearts of the masses’ [新疆‘去极端化’宣讲团:把和谐稳定种子播撒群众心中], China Peace [长安网], 19 May 2016, online.
Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang’s “de-extremification” propaganda lecture group: sowing the seeds of harmony and stability among the hearts of the masses’, China Peace, 19 May 2016, online.
‘Kizilsu launches “de-extremification” winter public propaganda lecture activities’ [克州开展“去极端化” 冬季大宣讲活动], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆人民政府], 19 November 2014, online; Wang Se, ‘Ten thousand people attended public propaganda lectures in Aksu’, Guangming Daily, 8 April 2019, online.
322 Pang Congwu, ‘Xinjiang’s “de-extremification” propaganda lecture group: Sowing the seeds of harmony and stability among the hearts of the masses’, China Peace, 19 May 2016, online; ‘Launch of “de-extremification” propaganda lecture’, Xinjiang United Front Work Department, 21 March 2017, online; ‘Xinjiang appoints new officials Xie Huiqing, Li Wei, Abduwahid Seydiwaqqas, He Yuhong’ [新疆任命谢惠青、李伟、阿布都瓦依提·赛迪瓦卡斯、何玉红职务], China Economics News Online [中国经济网], 26 July 2016, online; Zhang Sifu [张世福], ‘Using emotional appeals to reach the hearts and minds of the masses, use reasoning to sooth the emotions of the masses’ [用情感敲开心灵大门,用说理舒缓群众情绪], Baijiahao [百家号], 14 April 2017, online.
Wang Yayun [王亚芸], ‘General mobilisation for all ethnicities and all walks of life speak up and brandish swords to contribute to the the realization of the overall goals – overview of the “three loves, three oppositions” themed speak up and brandish swords activities’ [各族各界发声亮剑总动员,为实现总目标贡献力量—自治区‘三爱三反’发声亮剑系列活动综述], Central United Front Work Department [中央统战部], 3 March 2017, online.
Ibid.
‘“Three gratitudes, three wishes” activities lead herdsmen, farmers and party members in Uchturpan County to demonstrate loyalty’ [“三感恩,三祝愿”引领乌什农牧民党员践忠诚], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via Tianshan News [天山网], 16 June 2017, online; ‘Burchin County: “Three gratitudes, three wishes” themed public lectures during flag raising ceremony on Monday, stirring patriotic feelings’ [布尔津:周一升国旗‘三感恩,三祝愿’主题宣讲,激发爱国情], Central People’s Government [中央人民政府], 6 June 2017, online; ‘Ili prefecture supply and marketing system launches “three loves, three oppositions” and “three gratitudes, three wishes” themed “speak up and brandish the sword” activities’ [伊犁州供销系统开展 ‘三爱三反’‘三感恩三祝愿’主题发声亮剑活动], Xinjiang Supply and Marketing Cooperative [新疆供销社], 27 June 2017, online; Li Yongfu [李永福], ‘“Three loves, three oppositions, three gratitudes, three wishes” propaganda lectures and public pledge activities inspire patriotism among villagers’ [“三爱三反三祝愿”宣讲签名活动激发村民爱国热情], Xinjiang Livelihood News [新疆民生网], 23 May 2017, online; ‘Nilqa County women’s federation held embroidery skills competition and “becoming family beautiful projects” themed clothing display’ [尼勒克县妇联举办‘刺绣技能竞赛’暨‘靓丽工程•民族团结一家亲’服装展示活动], Voices of the Women of Ili [伊犁女声], 25 May 2017, online.
‘“Three gratitudes, three wishes” activities’, Xinjiang Daily, 16 June 2017, online.
Xinjiang launches “de-extremification” propaganda lecture educational activities’, Xinjiang Economics News, 31 March 2017, online; ‘[Big propaganda lecture] This ‘de-extremification’ education method is in touch with the masses’ [大宣讲] 这样的“去极端化”教育方式接地气], Niye Zero Distance [民丰零距离] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 12 September 2017, online; Ma Linrong [马琳荣], Xi Xiaoyu [席晓宇], ’A hundred women in Ushtala township in Hoshut Township deeply moved by listening to propaganda lectures’ [新疆和硕县:乌什塔拉乡百名妇女聆听宣讲讲到心坎里], Yaxin News [亚心网] via Sina News [新浪新闻], 29 November 2017, online; ‘Ghulja City drums up strong “de-extremification” propaganda education atmosphere’ [伊宁市营造‘去极端化’宣传教育浓厚氛围], Yaxin News [亚心网] via China Xinjiang [中国新疆], 21 January 2015, online.
‘Chapchal Township launches “the big denounce, expose and criticise” activities’ [察布查尔镇开展‘大声讨大揭批’活动], Chapchal Town Bulletin [察布查尔镇微讯], 12 April 2017, online; ‘Using hard measures to cure a lack of discipline and gather [our] strength to build the foundation: the rehabilitation of weak village [community] party committee in Ili Kazakh Prefecture, Xinjiang’ [硬招治软散,聚力强基石—新疆伊犁州软弱涣散村(社区)党组织如期“摘帽”], CCP Members Net [共产党员网], 9 January 2017, online; ‘Improve ideological immunity, educate and guide the masses, Ichyan Village carries out “big denounce, expose and criticise” activities’ [提高思想免疫力教育引导群众依其央村开展‘大宣讲大揭批大声讨大反思’活动], FX361, 13 September 2018, online.
Wang Zhenfei [王振飞], ‘Ergon Village in Qingshuihe Township holds “expose and criticise” mass meeting’ [清水河镇二宫村召开群众揭批大会], Xinjiang Korgas County People’s Government [新疆霍城县人民政府], 30 March 2017, online.
Mu Min [牟敏], ‘Communities set up grassroots propaganda lecture groups to come up with different ways to promote the spirit of the 19th National People’s Congress’ [社区成立基层宣讲团,形式多样宣传十九大精神], Xinjiang News [ 新疆网], 13 November 2017, online; ‘“Big propaganda lecture, expose, criticise, denounce and reflect” to “speak up and brandish the sword” activities’ [‘大宣讲、大揭批、大声讨、大反思’ 发声亮剑活动], Sound of Irtysh River [额河水之声], 9 May 2018, online
Sui Yunyan [隋云雁], ‘“7th Five-year Plan” legal education – laid firm foundation for ruling Xinjiang in accordance with law’ [‘七五’普法:为依法治疆奠定坚实基础], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 26 December 2020, online.
‘Derui Company personnel joins “speak up and brandish the sword” activities’ [德瑞公司发声亮剑专题], Derui Hotel Management Company [德瑞酒店管理公司], 24 October 2018, online.
322 ‘“Break their lineage, break their roots”: China’s crimes against humanity targeting Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims’, Human Rights Watch, 19 April 2021, online.
Ibid.
Matthew Hill, David Campanale, Joel Gunter, ‘“Their goal is to destroy everyone”: Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rape’, BBC News, 2 February 2020, online.
Memeteli Tursun [麦麦提艾力·吐尔孙], ‘Birth of the Xinjiang de-extremification regulations’ [自治区去极端化条例诞生记], China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, 5 May 2017, online.
Liu Caiyu, Liu Xuanzun, ‘Xinjiang revises its anti-extremism regulation’, Global Times, 10 October 2018, online; Jeremy Daum, ‘Explainer on Xinjiang regulations’, China Law Translate, 11 October 2018, online.
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, online; ‘Public statement on Fukang City Vocational Education and Training Service Management Bureau’s 2018 departmental budget, as well as the “three public expenditures” budget’ [阜康市职业技能教育培训服务管理局 2018 年部门预算及‘三公’经费预算: 信息公开报告], online; ‘Notice on the approval to the adjustments of the 2018 budget revenue and expenditures of Pichan County’ [关于批准调整鄯善县2018年财政预算收支的通知], Pichan County People’s Congress [鄯善县人民代表大会], 2018, online.
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, 2017, online.
The Xinjiang Data Project, ASPI, Canberra, online.
‘Release of the 2018 Xinjiang Kashgar Forestry Bureau’s budget’ [新疆维吾尔自治区喀什市林业局 2018年部门预算公开], online.
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, 2017, online.
‘Official telegram’, Xinjiang PLAC via ICIJ, 2017, online.
‘List of municipal government personnel and responsibilities, 2018’ [市级部门权责清单(2018年版]], Karamay District People’s Government [克拉玛依区人民政府], online.
‘Release of the 2017 public final accounts of Xinjiang Pichan County People’s Government Justice Bureau’ [2017 年度新疆鄯善县人民政府司法局部门决算公开], Xinjiang Pichan County People’s Government Justice Bureau [新疆鄯善县人民政府司法局], 2017, online.
‘China: Visiting officials occupy homes in Muslim region—”Becoming Family” campaign Intensifies repression in Xinjiang’, Human Rights Watch, 13 May 2018, online.
358 ‘Release of the 2017 final account of the Xinjiang Pichan County People’s Government Department of Justice’ [2017年度新疆鄯善县人民政府司法局部门决算公开], Xinjiang Piqan County People’s Government Department of Justice [新疆鄯善县人民政府], online.
‘Becoming Family’ is also known in Chinese as 结对认亲, but this report adopts the usage of ‘民族团结一家亲’ which seems more commonly used in official documents.
‘Xinjiang Fanghuiju review: A major fundamental policy to promote long-lasting stable rule’ [新疆”访惠聚”述评:推进长治久安的重大治本之策], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 13 January 2015, online. / Shi Xin [石鑫], ‘Xinjiang: Must ceaselessly continue to deepen Fanghuiju village-based work’ [新疆:不断把‘访惠聚’驻村工作引向深入], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via Central People’s Government [中国政府网], 3 December 2016, online; ‘Release of the 2019 final accounts of Shayar County People’s Procuratorate’ [沙雅县人民检察院 2019 年度部门决算公开说明], online.
‘“Hundred questions and hundred examples”: Cadre handbooks in the Fanghuiju campaign’, Xinjiang Documentation Project, University of British Columbia, online.
‘Fanghuiju work teams in Cherchen County help the village “two committees” with elections’ [且末县‘访惠聚’工作组助力村‘两委’换届], Weekend Stories [周末故事会], 24 June 2016, online; ‘Fanghuiju work teams assist in constructing Aksu Prefecture’s grassroots party organisation’ [‘访惠聚’工作助力阿克苏地区基层党组织建设], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via Tianshan News [天山网], 22 October 2018, online.
‘Xinjiang: Must ceaselessly continue to deepen Fanghuiju village-based work’, Xinjiang Daily, 3 December 2016, online.
‘Issued by the Xinjiang Fanghuiju Office on 18 March 2016: Notice on changes to the structure and division of responsibilities of the Xinjiang Fanghuiju program leading small group’ [2016年3月18日自治区‘访惠聚’活动办公室印发:新民组发〔2016〕6号《关于调整自治区‘访惠聚’活动领导小组办公室内设机构职责分工的通知》], Kunlun News [昆仑网], 23 March 2016, online.
‘1.1 million cadres and 1.6 million people from all different ethnic groups in Xinjiang “become families”’ [新疆110万名干部职工与160万户各族群众结对认亲], Xinhua Net [新华网], 4 July 2018, online.
358 Dake Kang, Yanan Wang, ‘China’s Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party members’, The Associate Press, 1 December 2018, online; ‘Xinjiang launches “Becoming Family” Initiative mass mobilisation meeting, Chen Quanguo makes a speech’ [新疆召开‘民族团结一家亲’活动动员大会 陈全国讲话], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 17 October 2016, online; ‘Our “relatives” have arrived! – True stories from the implementation of the “Becoming Family” Initiative in Xinjiang’ [我家‘亲戚’来了—新疆开展‘民族团结一家亲’活动纪实], Guangming Daily [光明日报] via Xinhua Net [新华网], 18 April 2020, online; ‘Endless heartwarming stories of mutual assistance among ethnicities from the Becoming Family Initiative in Xinjiang’ [新疆各族人民‘结亲’互助,暖心故事一千零一夜也讲不完], CCTV [央视网], 7 July 2018, online.
‘”Becoming Family” and helping each other, a new page in the history book of Xinjiang’s ethnic unity’
[结对认亲,守望相助!两年了,新疆民族团结史册翻开崭新一页!], Xinjiang United Front Work Department [新疆维统一战线], 3 January 2019, online.
Chang Chenxuan [张晨暄], ‘The Becoming Family Initiative will deepen the progress of Fanghuiju work’ [‘民族团结一家亲’活动将“访惠聚”工作推向深入], Yaxin News [亚心网] via Phoenix News [凤凰新闻], 20 October 2016, online; ‘All levels of Fanghuiju village-based work teams actively participate in the Becoming Family Initiative in Bayingolin Prefecture’ [巴州各‘访惠聚’驻村工作队积极开展‘民族团结一家亲’活动], Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 27 August 2018, online; ‘Cadres go to grassroots and synergize “Becoming Family” with Fanghuiju campaign’ [【民族团结】干部俯下身子下基层,把‘民族团结一家亲’与‘访惠聚’相互贯穿], Prefecture CPPCC Guangming Neighbourhood work team on WeChat [州政协驻光明社区工作队微信公众号”尉犁零距离”], 11 May 2019, online.
‘Toli County tours conference to highlight positive Becoming Family Initiative examples’ [托里县开展‘民族团结一家 亲’先进典型事迹巡回报告会], ‘Becoming Family’ Initiative Leading Small Group on WeChat “[ 民族团结一家亲”活动 领导小组微信公众号”托里零距离”] via Sohu News [搜狐新闻], 4 July 2019, online; ‘The County’s United Front Work Department arranges batches of training for cadres on ethnic unity – to strengthen their theories and improve their overall capabilities’ [民族团结一家亲]强化理论培训提升综合素质 —县委统战部分批次举办民族团结工作分管领导培训], Ürümqi County Zero Distance [乌鲁木齐县零距离], 28 January 2019, online; ‘Hejing County holds meeting on “Becoming Family” Initiative Advancement’ [和静县召开‘民族团结一家亲’活动推进会], Hejing Zero Distance [和静零距离], 24 September 2017, online; ‘Window into the leadership team’ [领导之窗], Xinjiang United Front Work Department [新疆统一战线], online.
‘Fanghuiju work winning praises’ [‘访惠聚’工作赢赞誉], Kargilik County People’s Government [叶城县人民政府], 6 July 2017, online.
‘Xinjiang Information Centre’ [新疆自治区信息中心], TSP Web [调色盘网], 15 January 2021, online.
‘Villager Helpitim Imin organised marriage for his daughters twice, and the two experiences were radically different’ [村民海皮提木·依明两次嫁女儿前后大不同], Xinjiang Department of Housing and Urban–Rural Development
[新疆维吾尔自治区住房和城乡建设厅], 6 April 2016, online.
‘Xinjiang further implements the Fanghuiju Program: Questions and answers for those who conduct village-based work’ [自治区深化‘访民情惠民生聚民心’:驻村工作应知应会问答], Xinjiang Agricultural Machinery Bureau
[新疆维吾尔自治区农牧业机械管理局], 12 March 2018, online.
‘Three years of education and aid have inspired southern Xinjiang ‘surplus labourers’ to be motivated to rise out of poverty’ [三年教育帮扶,激发南疆富余劳动力脱贫‘心’动力], China Xinjiang News [中国新疆网], 2 April 2020, online; Aynur [阿依努尔], ‘Southern Xinjiang implements “surplus labour” transfer and employment with precision’ [新疆精准推进南疆富余劳动力转移就业], Bingtuan Daily [兵团日报], 13 October 2019, online; Adrian Zenz, ‘Coercive labor and forced displacement in Xinjiang’s cross-regional labor transfer program’, Jamestown Foundation, March 2021, online.
Li Fangfang [李芳芳], ‘Story from southern Xinjiang: labour transfer within Xinjiang helps removing the label of poverty’ [南疆故事:疆内转移就业,摘掉贫穷标签], Beijing Review [北京周报], 15 December 2017, online.
Xu et al., Uyghurs for sale.
John Sudworth, ‘“If the others go I’ll go”: Inside China’s scheme to transfer Uighurs into work’, BBC News, 2 March 2020, online.
‘Xinjiang trains all of southern Xinjiang’s “poverty-stricken labourers”’’ [新疆维吾尔自治区全员培训南疆贫困劳动力], Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security [中国人力资源和社会保障部], 9 February 2019, online.
‘Xinjiang Department of Human Resources and Social Security: Strengthen cooperation on labour administration within Xinjiang and further long-term stable employment’ [新疆自治区人力资源和社会保障厅:强化区内劳务协作,促进长期稳定就业], Ministry of Human Resources and Social Stability [中国人力资源和社会保障部], 11 January 2019, online; Zhang Qiongwen [张琼文], ‘Organising across regions, matching needs with skills – 50,000 from Xinjiang have been systematically transferred and assumed employment’ [跨区域组织,精准化对接——新疆5万名跨区域有组织转移人员稳岗就业], National Administration for Rural Revitalisation [国家乡村振兴局], 31 July 2020, online.
‘Xinjiang Department of Human Resources and Social Security: Must strengthen cooperation within labour
administration in Xinjiang and further long-term employment stability among its people’, 11 January 2019, online; ‘Six batches of labour transfer help 100,000 people to escape poverty’’ [‘六个一批’转移就业助十万群众摆脱贫困], China Public Jobs Announcement Online [中国公共招聘网], 28 December 2018, online.
‘Nilqa County, Xinjiang: Many measures combined to explore and improve new models to transfer rural labourers outside Xinjiang’ [新疆尼勒克:多措并举探索提升农村劳动力疆外有组织转移就业新模式], China’s Employment Online [中国就业网], 24 June 2019, online; Guang Xiangli [关祥利], ‘Orku District, Karamay City, Xinjiang: Arrange southern Xinjiang’s transferred labourers to settle down, in order to win the final battle against persistent poverty’ [新疆克拉玛依市乌尔禾区:妥善安置南疆富余劳动力,助力决战决胜脱贫攻坚], People’s Daily Online [人民网], 30 March 2020, online.
‘2017 implementation plan for Iwirghol district, Qumul city to systematically transfer rural “surplus labourers” for employment’ [2017年新疆哈密市伊州区农村富余劳动力有组织转移就业实施方案], Qumul City Iwirghol District People’s Government [哈密市伊州区人民政府], 30 October 2017, online.
‘Nilqa County, Xinjiang: Need to explore new models of organised labour transfer of surplus rural labour’,
China’s Employment Online, 24 June 2019, online.
Xu et al., Uyghurs for sale.
‘Xinjiang Department of Human Resources and Social Security: Must strengthen cooperation within labour administration in Xinjiang and further long-term employment stability among its people’, 11 January 2019, online; ‘Organising across regions, matching needs with skills – 50,000 from Xinjiang have been systematically transferred and assumed employment’ National Administration for Rural Revitalisation, 31 July 2020, online; ‘Labour transfer leads to better lives’ [转移就业:让日子越来越美好], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报], 10 August 2019, online.
‘Notice on the further improvement of the employment stability of the organised transfer labour force in deeply impoverished areas of the four Southern Xinjiang prefectures’ [关于进一步提高南疆四地州深度贫困地区有组织转移劳动力就业稳定性工作的通知], Office of the Karashahar Hui Autonomous County People’s Government [焉耆回族自治县人民政府办公室], 20 November 2018, online.
‘Notice on the further improvement of the employment stability of the organised transfer labour force in deeply impoverished areas of the four Southern Xinjiang prefectures’ [关于进一步提高南疆四地州深度贫困地区有组织转移劳动力就业稳定性工作的通知], Office of the Karashahar Hui Autonomous County People’s Government [焉耆回族自治县人民政府办公室], 20 November 2018, online.
Anna Fifield, ‘China compels Uighurs to work in shoe factory that supplies Nike’, Washington Post, 29 February 2020, online.
‘The 2017 plan to implement organised transfer of surplus labour for the purpose of poverty alleviation in Iwirghol District, Qumul city, Xinjiang’ [2017年新疆哈密市伊州区农村富余劳动力有组织转移就业实施方案], Qumul City Iwirghol District People’s Government [哈密市伊州区人民政府], 30 October 2017, online; ‘Xinjiang Department of Human Resources and Social Security: Must strengthen cooperation within labour administration in Xinjiang and
further long-term employment stability among its people’, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Stability, 11 January 2019, online.
Zenz, Coercive labor and forced displacement in Xinjiang’s cross-regional labor transfer program.
‘Nilqa County, Xinjiang: Need to explore new models of organised labour transfer of surplus rural labour’ [新疆尼勒 克:多措并举探索提升农村劳动力疆外有组织转移就业新模式], China’s Employment Online [中国就业网], 24 June 2019, online; ‘The 2017 plan to implement organised transfer of surplus labour for the purpose of poverty alleviation in Iwirghol district, Qumul city, Xinjiang’, Qumul City Iwirghol District People’s Government, 30 October 2017, online.
‘Organising across regions, matching needs with skills – 50,000 from Xinjiang have been systematically transferred and assumed employment’ National Administration for Rural Revitalisation, 31 July 2020, online.
‘About the People’s Court of Kargilik County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang’ [新疆喀什地区叶城县人民法院], Xinjiang Judicial Litigation Service [新疆法院诉讼服务网], online.
‘Organising across regions, matching needs with skills – 50,000 from Xinjiang have been systematically transferred and assumed employment’, National Administration for Rural Revitalisation, 31 July 2020, online.
‘Notice on the further improvement of the employment stability of the organised labour transfers in deeply
poverty-stricken areas of the four southern Xinjiang prefectures’ [关于进一步提高南疆四地州深度贫困地区有组织转移劳动力就业稳定性工作的通知], Office of the Karashahar Hui Autonomous County People’s Government [焉耆回族自治县人民政府办公室], 20 November 2018, online; ‘Investment in fixed assets from January to February 2020’, National Bureau of Statistics of China, 17 March 2020, online.
Commonly known in English by its acronym SASAC. / ‘Xinjiang’s district-level state-owned enterprises and central-government-level state-owned enterprises absorb nearly a thousand labourers from poor families in deeply poverty-stricken counties in southern Xinjiang’s four prefectures’ [自治区区属国企及中央驻疆企业吸纳首批近千名,南疆四地州深度贫困县贫困家庭劳动力就业], Xinjiang Kunlun News [新疆昆仑网], 31 March 2020, online.
390 ‘Government Information Release: Nijat Ismayil’ [政府信息公开: 尼加提•司马义], Xinjiang Industry and Information Technology Department [新疆维吾尔自治区工业和信息化厅], December 2020, online; Li Chunxia, ‘Labour transfer leads to better lives’, Xinjiang Daily, 10 August 2019, online; ‘Prefecture Industry and Information Technology Bureau personnel and responsibilities’ [地区工业和信息化局班子成员分工], Xinjiang Altay Prefecture Administration [新疆阿勒泰地区行署], 26 May 2019, online; ‘Kizilsu Prefecture Industry and Information Technology Bureau information release – Leadership personnel list’ [克州工业和信息化局信息公开-领导成员], Xinjiang Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区克州人民政府], online; ‘7th national Xinjiang Aid work conference met with enthusiastic responses in Xinjiang’ [第七次全国对口支援新疆工作会议在新疆维吾尔自治区引发热烈反响], Xinjiang Daily [新疆日报] via People’s Daily Online [人民网], 18 July 2019, online; Amy K Lehr, ‘Addressing forced labor in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Toward a shared agenda’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 30 July 2020, online. ‘Record of the Prefecture’s Xinjiang Aid efforts (2) Industrial Xinjiang Aid to promote development and help benefit people’s livelihood’ [州援疆风采录(2)产业援疆促发展增添动力惠民生], Changji Daily on WeChat [《昌吉日报》微信公众号”昌吉市零距离”], 31 December 2019, online.
390 Gong Houyu [龚后雨], Wang Ganggang [王刚刚], ‘Xinjiang Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development: Provide housing for all farmers and herdsmen from all ethnicities’ [新疆维吾尔自治区住房和城乡建设厅村镇建设处: 让各族农牧民住有安居], National Administration for Rural Revitalisation [国家乡村振兴局], 25 February 2021, online; ‘“Years as long as rivers, waves as loud as songs”: Recollections of Quan He, Deputy Director of Xinjiang’s Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development’ [岁月如河 澎湃如歌——记新疆住房和城乡建设厅副厅长全河], China Construction News [中国建设报], 20 September 2019, online.
‘Speech by Liu Yongfu at the 2019 tour of private enterprises in southern Xinjiang’ [在2019‘民营企业南疆行’活动上的讲话-刘永富], National Administration for Rural Revitalisation [国家乡村振兴局], 25 February 2020, online.
‘Keriye County promotes women’s labour transfer and employment’ [于田县推进妇女劳务输出转移就业工作],
Keriye County Government Net [于田政府网], 25 January 2019, online.
Duan Yuqiang [段玉强], ‘Work team assists the first groups of rural surplus labourers from Baghchi village with labour transfer’ [工作队帮助巴格其村首批农村富余劳动力转移就业], Legal Culture Medias [法制文化传媒], 9 March 2018, online.
Ruser & Leibold, Family de-planning: the coercive campaign to drive down indigenous birth-rates in Xinjiang; ‘China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization’, The Associated Press, 29 June 2020, online; Adrian Zenz, Sterilizations, IUDs, and mandatory birth control: the CCP’s campaign to suppress Uyghur birthrates in Xinjiang, Jamestown Foundation, June 2020, online.
Ibid.
‘Notice on launching retrospective targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于开展违法生育专项治理“回头看”工作的通知], Ulughchat County People’s Government [乌恰县人民政府], 16 June 2018, online; ‘Gumudi Township’s plans on “two types of thorough investigations” during targeted campaign against illegal births’ [关于印发《古牧地镇2019年违法生育‘两个彻查’专项行动实施方案》的通知], Midong District People’s Government [米东区人民政府], 21 July 2019, online.
Ruser & Leibold, Family de-planning: the coercive campaign to drive down indigenous birth-rates in Xinjiang.
Ibid.
Kaamil Ahmed, ‘China to clamp down on abortions for “non-medical purposes”’, The Guardian, 28 September 2021, online; Sui-Lee Wee, ‘China says it will allow couples to have 3 children, up from 2’, The New York Times, 31 May 2021, online; Nathan Vanderklippe, ‘How China is trying to limit births among Muslim populations in Xinjiang region’, The Globe and Mail, 24 June 2021, online.
‘Population data of Karakash County’ [墨玉县人口数据], Red Black Population Statistics Library [红黑人口库], 20 July 2020, online.
‘China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization’, The Associated Press, 29 June 2020, online.
Ibid.
‘Release of the 2020 departmental budget of the Xinjiang Health Commission’ [新疆维吾尔自治区卫生健康委员会2020年度部门预算公开报告], online.
‘Notice on the launch of Koktogay County’s target campaign against illegal births’ [关于印发《富蕴县开展违法生育专项治理行动实施方案》的通知], Koktogay County People’s Government [富蕴县人民政府], 30 April 2019, online; ‘Notice on Cherchen County’s 2018 targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于印发《且末县2018年度违法生育专项治理工作实施方案》的通知], Cherchen County People’s Government [且末县人民政府], 30 May 2018, online.
‘Population management leading small group convenes on video conference’ [统筹解决人口问题领导小组视频会召开], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆人民政府], 23 November 2018, online; ‘Notice on the establishment of the prefecture’s illegal births crackdown leading small group’ [关于成立自治州违法生育治理工作领导小组的通知], Law-Lib [法律图书馆], 21 August 2017, online.
‘Release of plans on Koktogay County’s targeted crackdown against illegal births‘, Koktogay County People’s Government, 30 April 2019, online.
‘Notice on Cherchen County’s 2018 targeted crackdown against illegal births’, Cherchen County People’s Government, 30 May 2018, online.
‘Notice on Cherchen County’s 2018 targeted crackdown against illegal births’, Cherchen County People’s Government, 30 May 2018, online; ‘Release of plans on Koktogay County’s targeted crackdown against illegal births‘, Koktogay County People’s Government, 30 April 2019, online.
‘Xinjiang Regulation on Population and Family Planning’ [新疆维吾尔自治区人口与计划生育条例], Xinjiang Health Commission [新疆维吾尔自治区卫生健康委员会], 17 July 2019, online.
‘Qaradong Township launches the 2017 conference on targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [喀尔墩乡召开2017年违法生育专项治理工作会议], Qaradong Township People’s Government [喀尔墩乡人民政府], 8 April 2017, online.
‘Notice on launching retrospective targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于开展违法生育专项治理“回头看”工作的通知], Ulughchat County People’s Government [乌恰县人民政府], 16 June 2018, online.
‘Notice on continuing and advancing targeted crackdown against illegal births’ [关于持续深入开展违法生育专项治理工作的通知], Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County People’s Government [察布查尔县人民政府], 28 May 2018, online.
A Han-majority paramilitary organisation acting like a state within a state in Xinjiang.
‘Using industries to attract people: Develop industries in order to create jobs and gather more population’ [以产引人: 发展产业带动就业集聚人口], Bingtuan Daily [兵团日报], 25 April 2019, online.
Ibid.
Xu et al., Uyghurs for sale.
Wu Qiang, ‘Urban grid management and police state in China: a brief overview’, China Change, 12 August 2014, online.
‘1,202 “advanced joint households” families are commended in Tibet, as more than 3,000 representatives of joint households are elected to the village “two committees”’ [西藏表彰1202户‘先进双联户’家庭 3000多名联户代表选进村‘两委’], China Peace [长安网], 6 January 2015, online.
‘Release of the 2017 Xinjiang PLAC’s final departmental accounts’ [2017年度自治区党委政法委部门决算公开说明], Xinjiang People’s Government [新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府], 31 August 2017, online.
Deng Zhihua [邓志华], ‘Ningxia PLAC and other departments went to Xinjiang to inspect and dock counterterrorism and stability maintenance work’ [宁夏党委政法委等部门赴新疆考察对接反恐维稳工作], Ningxia Daily [宁夏日报] via The Paper [澎湃], 27 November 2018, online.
Christy Leung, ‘Hong Kong’s anti-terrorism task force goes to Xinjiang to study local methods, as China rejects international calls to investigate mass internment centres’, South China Morning Post, 8 December 2018, online.
‘Zhu Hailun: Pioneer of the capital of the western region’ [朱海仑:西域首府引路人], Youth China News [中华儿女新闻网], 19 September 2012, online.
Andreas Lorenz, ‘“Redder than red”: An American portrait of China’s next leader’, Spiegel International, 12 May 2010, online; Evan Osnos, ‘Born red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China’s most authoritarian leader since Mao’, The New Yorker, 30 March 2015, online.
Ibid.
Darren Byler, ‘“Uyghurs are so bad”: Chinese dinner table politics in Xinjiang’, SupChina, 3 June 2020, online.